Spending on essentials is stubbornly high across all income levels:
• The next chart illustrates the spending patterns in Indonesia
of low-income households (represented by decile 1 – the poorest 10.0% of households), middle-income households (decile 5)
and high-income households (decile 10). In 2014, food, non-alcoholic beverages and housing accounted for 67.1% of low-income household’s total expenditure and 54.6% of total spending by middle-income households. Even for high-income households, essential items still accounted for as much as 41.9% of their total spending in 2014.