Bottlenecks have been addressed with laboratory strengthening and outreach to tribal and other high-risk communities. In
Thailand, access has been extended through the free primary health-care service package as part of the plan for universal health coverage. However, targeting of metropolitan areas and highly vulnerable populations, including migrants, is now a priority. In Vietnam, tuberculosis control services, which were historically operated through a vertical network, are now embedded in general services. Tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment are free in the public sector and outcomes have been
among the best in Asia. But 70% of health expenditure is private, so the national development plan has prioritised countrywide rollout of public-private approaches.