are more resilient to the conversion of tropical forests
to shade-grown agricultural systems than specialists,
even in closely related species. Thus, while shade-grown
systems, such as those of cocoa or coffee (Coffea spp.),
can harbour a greater diversity of animal species across
a range of taxa compared with monocultures (Cassano
et al. 2011, Clough et al. 2011, Delabie et al. 2007),
by themselves they may be insufficient to harbour some
resource specialists. Previous studies have shown that
the amount of biodiversity retained in shade-grown agroecosystems
is positively related to tree density, species
composition and diversity (Clough et al. 2011, Schroth