Withdrawal behaviors are costly to organizations. Employee lateness has been estimated to cost US businesses
more than $3bn each year (DeLonzor, 2005), employee absenteeism has been estimated to cost businesses
as much as 15 per cent of payroll (Navarro & Bass, 2006), and the cost of replacing employees has been
estimated between 50 and 200 per cent of those employees’ first year salaries