Food safety is important on every farm, and
growers have a responsibility to minimize risks
to produce food that is not only wholesome and
nutritious, but also safe.
Why should fruit and vegetable growers be
particularly concerned about food safety?
Most farmers take great pride in growing highquality,
nutritious fruits and vegetables and would
never knowingly produce food that could harm
their customers. And yet, foodborne illnesses that
can be traced back to farms happen, and incidents
increase each year.
According to the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, one-third of all significant
multistate outbreaks of foodborne illness in 2011
involved fresh produce. The human costs can
be heartbreaking when people die or become
chronically ill. The cost to public health is great
and deserves attention. The economic cost is
enormous, with an estimated $1.4 billion lost
nationally per year from produce-related illnesses,
not including the cost to industry or government.
Everyone benefits when produce is grown that is
nutritious and safe.
A Costly Reminder
One of the deadliest foodborne illness outbreaks in decades
occurred in 2011 when 147 people were sickened and
33 died after an outbreak of listeriosis caused by Listeria
monocytogenes in cantaloupe.
Investigations revealed that the pathogen was present in
the packing facility and on washing and packing equipment.
Experts believe poor sanitation in the packing facility and
lack of precooling were key factors contributing to the
outbreak. Armed with some knowledge and a commitment
to food safety, growers can do a lot to prevent outbreaks like
this in the future.
Purdue Extension publication GP-1-W
University of Illinois Extension publication E-101 AGRICULTURE
ag.purdue.edu/hla/foodsafety
PURDUE EXTENSION 1-888-EXT-INFO WWW.EXTENSION.PURDUE.EDU
2
Good Agricultural Practices for Fruit and Vegetable Farms
Human pathogens, harmful chemicals, or foreign
objects can contaminate produce anywhere along
the supply chain — from farm, to market, to the
consumer’s table. Thoroughly cooking produce
kills pathogens, but consumers eat many fruits and
vegetables without thorough cooking. That’s why it
is critical to prevent contamination.
Preventing contamination on the farm depends
largely on farming and post-harvest practices, not
farm size, distribution area, or revenue. Whether a
farm is big or small; growing melons, tomatoes, or
greens; in a greenhouse or in a field; poor farming
and food handling practices can contaminate
produce. Implementing good agricultural
practices (GAPs) is the best way to protect your
customers, your business, and the produce
industry as a whole.
GAPs are farming practices that focus on
preventing contamination of fruits and vegetables
on the farm. Taking reasonable steps to prevent
a problem in the first place often costs far less
money and time and is more effective than trying
to fix a problem after it arises. Just as farmers tailor
crop production and pest management practices
for their particular operations, farmers should
tailor GAPs to the specifics of their farms.
The following pages highlight some GAPs growers
can follow to reduce the risk of contaminating
produce on the farm. Growers can prevent
contamination at all stages of crop development:
before planting, while the crop is growing, during
harvest, and after harvest.
Are GAPs the Law?
Good agricultural practices (GAPs) are farming practices that
aim to prevent fruit and vegetable contamination. Laws and
regulations govern some GAPs. Others have not been codified
and are meant to provide guidance, recommendations, or
industry best practices.
The bottom line is that it is against the law to sell
“adulterated” food. For fresh fruits and vegetables,
adulterated basically means produce that is unhealthy due
to contamination. Farms that adopt GAPs reduce their risk of
producing adulterated food.
Before Planting
Follow these GAPs before planting produce to
avoid contaminating the crop:
• Assess the likelihood that the produce will be
thoroughly cooked before being eaten. If it
will not be cooked, then preventing on-farm
contamination from pathogens is especially
important.
• Locate production sites uphill, upstream, and
upwind from areas where manure is stored or
animals are grazed or housed.
• Assess the potential of nearby feedlots, animal
pastures, or livestock farms to contaminate your
produce fields.
• Avoid fields that regularly flood or are exposed
to excessive runoff.
• Store manure away from growing and handling
areas, and store it in a manner that prevents
runoff and wind drift.
• I f you use manure or other animal products
(such as blood meal, bone meal, feather meal) as
soil amendments, reduce the contamination risk
by following one or more of these practices:
- A pply the soil amendment long before
harvest, preferably when soils are
warm (>50o
F) and nonsaturated. We
recommend applying untreated manure
at least nine months before harvesting
produce, ideally to a cover or agronomic
crop. Specific audit or certification
programs may require longer or shorter
periods between application and harvest
(for example, the USDA National
Organic Program requires only 120 days
for many crops).
- Incorporate the amendment if possible.
- Apply soil amendments so they don’t
contact the produce.
- Compost the amendment before applying
3
Good Agricultural Practices for Fruit and Vegetable Farms
PURDUE EXTENSION 1-888-EXT-INFO WWW.EXTENSION.PURDUE.EDU
it. Use a compost process that meets
the USDA National Organic Program
(NOP) compost standard or purchase
compost from a supplier who provides
documentation that their process meets
the standard —more information about
the NOP standard is available from the
U.S. Government Printing Office website,
see www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=a
c6d95fb8c0e78bef7e73bb10d83aca4&nod
e=7:3.1.1.9.32.3.354.4&rgn=div8.
- Treat amendments with heat, chemicals,
or other means that reduce pathogens.
Always retain documentation of such
treatment.
• Record all soil amendment sources, application
dates, and methods of composting or treatment.
• Ensure that animal holding areas and manure
staging areas are far enough from wells to
prevent contamination.
• Avoid locating wells in flood zones or downhill
from other sources of contamination.
• Protect wells with grouting, sanitary caps, and
intact casings.
• Inspect wells and water sources before each
growing season to identify potential sources of
contamination.
• Test water used for drinking and hand washing
to make sure it meets drinking water standards
— is potable. Keep records of tests and results.
During Production
Follow these GAPs while produce crops are
growing to avoid contamination:
• D o not allow domestic, nonworking animals
(pets, chickens, grazing livestock, etc.), to enter
produce fields during growing or harvesting.
• Limit wild animal access to growing areas using
reasonable, appropriate, and legal measures.
Comanage to conserve natural resources and
promote food safety.
• Do not apply manure or animal products during
crop production unless properly composted or
treated (see above).
• If you use well water for irrigation or sprays, test
it for generic E. coli before the growing season,
and continue to test it quarterly. Keep records of
tests and results.
• If you use surface water for irrigation or sprays,
use drip or furrow irrigation to minimize
contact with produce. Avoid using surface water
for overhead irrigation or sprays unless it is
documented to have a low risk of contamination.
Test water sources for generic E. coli before using
each season and regularly during the season.
Keep records of tests and results.
• Provide and maintain an adequate number of
toilet and hand-washing facilities for workers.
Facilities should have toilet paper, running water,
soap, single-use towels, and waste bins.
• Train workers in proper hand-washing methods,
when to wash, and other farm food safety
policies. Post signs as reminders and keep
records of training efforts.
• Ensure that workers wash hands before starting
work, after breaks, and after engaging in nonfood
handling activities such as using the restroom,
handling animals, cleaning equipment, etc.
• Do not allow anyone who has been diagnosed
with a foodborne illness, or who is ill with
vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, or infected wounds
to handle produce or food contact surfaces.
• U se only EPA-approved pesticides and follow all
label instructions.
PURDUE EXTENSION 1-888-EXT-INFO WWW.EXTENSION.PURDUE.EDU
4
Good Agricultural Practices for Fruit and Vegetable Farms
During Harvest
Follow these GAPs while harvesting produce to
avoid contaminating the crop:
• C lean and sanitize harvest bins, tools, and wagon
beds before using them during harvest.
• Use nonabsorbent, durable, and washable
materials for equipment and tools that directly
contact produce during or after harvest
(Figure 1).
Figure 1. Porous wood, corroded metal, flaking paint, and
carpet are materials that should not contact fresh produce. These
materials are rough or absorbent, so they can’t be easily cleaned
or sanitized. Use smooth plastic, metal, or painted materials
instead.
• Keep equipment and farm implements clean and
in good repair. Fix fuel, oil, or hydraulic leaks
promptly.
• R emove as much dirt and debris from produce
as possible while in the field.
• Do not harvest damaged, diseased, or visibly
contaminated produce.
• K eep records of cleaning, sanitizing and
maintenance.
Post-harvest
Follow these GAPs after harvesting produce to
avoid contaminating the crop:
• Cool produce quickly to remove field heat and
minimize potential pathogen growth.
• Prevent bruising and damaging produce. Discard
any bruised or damaged produce.
• Keep packed fruits and vegetables off the floor.
Place containers on clean pallets.
• Keep floors and equipment clean and dry. Avoid
pooling water in packing sheds and coolers.
• Use only potable water sources for was
ความปลอดภัยของอาหารเป็นสิ่งสำคัญกับทุกฟาร์ม และเกษตรกรมีความรับผิดชอบเพื่อลดความเสี่ยงการผลิตอาหารที่ไม่บริสุทธ์ และมีคุณค่าทางโภชนาการ แต่ยังเซฟทำไมเกษตรกรผักและผลไม้ควรหรือไม่โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งความกังวลเกี่ยวกับความปลอดภัยของอาหารหรือไม่เกษตรกรส่วนใหญ่จะภูมิใจมากในการกำกับ การเจริญเติบโตผักและผลไม้มีคุณค่าทางโภชนาการ และจะไม่เจตนาผลิตอาหารที่อาจเป็นอันตรายต่อลูกค้าของพวกเขา และ ยัง foodborne โรคที่สามารถติดตามกลับไปฟาร์มเกิดขึ้น และปัญหาเพิ่มแต่ละปีตามศูนย์ควบคุมและป้องกันโรคและการ ป้องกัน หนึ่งในสามของทั้งหมดอย่างมีนัยสำคัญmultistate ระบาดของภาวะในปี 2554เกี่ยวข้องกับผลิตผลสด ต้นทุนมนุษย์สามารถเมื่อ heartbreaking คนตาย หรือกลายเป็นป่วยโรคเรื้อรัง ต้นทุนในการสาธารณสุขไม่ดีและสมควรให้ความสนใจ ต้นทุนทางเศรษฐกิจหายไปมหาศาล มีการประมาณ 1.4 พันล้านเหรียญผลงานต่อปีจากโรคที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการผลิตไม่รวมต้นทุนในการอุตสาหกรรมหรือรัฐบาลทุกคนเป็นประโยชน์เมื่อปลูกผลิตที่มีคุณค่าทางโภชนาการ และปลอดภัยเตือนค่าใช้จ่ายหนึ่งของการแพร่ระบาดโรค foodborne อันตรายในทศวรรษที่ผ่านมาเกิดขึ้นในปี 2554 เมื่อ 147 คนถูก sickened และเสียชีวิตหลังจากการระบาดของ listeriosis จากออลิ 33monocytogenes ในแคนตาลูปสอบสวนเปิดเผยว่า การศึกษาที่มีอยู่ในสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกการบรรจุ และซักผ้า และอุปกรณ์ในการบันทึกผู้เชี่ยวชาญเชื่อว่าสุขาภิบาลไม่ดีในการจัดสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวก และlack of precooling were key factors contributing to theoutbreak. Armed with some knowledge and a commitmentto food safety, growers can do a lot to prevent outbreaks likethis in the future.Purdue Extension publication GP-1-WUniversity of Illinois Extension publication E-101 AGRICULTUREag.purdue.edu/hla/foodsafetyPURDUE EXTENSION 1-888-EXT-INFO WWW.EXTENSION.PURDUE.EDU2Good Agricultural Practices for Fruit and Vegetable FarmsHuman pathogens, harmful chemicals, or foreignobjects can contaminate produce anywhere alongthe supply chain — from farm, to market, to theconsumer’s table. Thoroughly cooking producekills pathogens, but consumers eat many fruits andvegetables without thorough cooking. That’s why itis critical to prevent contamination.Preventing contamination on the farm dependslargely on farming and post-harvest practices, notfarm size, distribution area, or revenue. Whether afarm is big or small; growing melons, tomatoes, orgreens; in a greenhouse or in a field; poor farmingand food handling practices can contaminateproduce. Implementing good agriculturalpractices (GAPs) is the best way to protect yourcustomers, your business, and the produceindustry as a whole.GAPs are farming practices that focus onpreventing contamination of fruits and vegetableson the farm. Taking reasonable steps to preventa problem in the first place often costs far lessmoney and time and is more effective than tryingto fix a problem after it arises. Just as farmers tailorcrop production and pest management practicesfor their particular operations, farmers shouldtailor GAPs to the specifics of their farms.The following pages highlight some GAPs growerscan follow to reduce the risk of contaminatingproduce on the farm. Growers can preventcontamination at all stages of crop development:before planting, while the crop is growing, duringharvest, and after harvest.Are GAPs the Law?Good agricultural practices (GAPs) are farming practices thataim to prevent fruit and vegetable contamination. Laws andregulations govern some GAPs. Others have not been codifiedand are meant to provide guidance, recommendations, orindustry best practices.The bottom line is that it is against the law to sell“adulterated” food. For fresh fruits and vegetables,adulterated basically means produce that is unhealthy dueto contamination. Farms that adopt GAPs reduce their risk ofproducing adulterated food.Before PlantingFollow these GAPs before planting produce toavoid contaminating the crop:• Assess the likelihood that the produce will bethoroughly cooked before being eaten. If itwill not be cooked, then preventing on-farmcontamination from pathogens is especiallyimportant.• Locate production sites uphill, upstream, andupwind from areas where manure is stored oranimals are grazed or housed.• Assess the potential of nearby feedlots, animalpastures, or livestock farms to contaminate yourproduce fields.• Avoid fields that regularly flood or are exposedto excessive runoff.• Store manure away from growing and handlingareas, and store it in a manner that preventsrunoff and wind drift.• I f you use manure or other animal products(such as blood meal, bone meal, feather meal) assoil amendments, reduce the contamination riskby following one or more of these practices: - A pply the soil amendment long beforeharvest, preferably when soils arewarm (>50oF) and nonsaturated. Werecommend applying untreated manureat least nine months before harvestingproduce, ideally to a cover or agronomiccrop. Specific audit or certificationprograms may require longer or shorterperiods between application and harvest(for example, the USDA NationalOrganic Program requires only 120 daysfor many crops). - Incorporate the amendment if possible. - Apply soil amendments so they don’tcontact the produce. - Compost the amendment before applying 3Good Agricultural Practices for Fruit and Vegetable FarmsPURDUE EXTENSION 1-888-EXT-INFO WWW.EXTENSION.PURDUE.EDUit. Use a compost process that meetsthe USDA National Organic Program(NOP) compost standard or purchasecompost from a supplier who providesdocumentation that their process meetsthe standard —more information aboutthe NOP standard is available from theU.S. Government Printing Office website,see www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=ac6d95fb8c0e78bef7e73bb10d83aca4&node=7:3.1.1.9.32.3.354.4&rgn=div8. - Treat amendments with heat, chemicals,or other means that reduce pathogens.Always retain documentation of suchtreatment.• Record all soil amendment sources, applicationdates, and methods of composting or treatment.• Ensure that animal holding areas and manurestaging areas are far enough from wells toprevent contamination.• Avoid locating wells in flood zones or downhillfrom other sources of contamination.• Protect wells with grouting, sanitary caps, andintact casings.• Inspect wells and water sources before eachgrowing season to identify potential sources ofcontamination.• Test water used for drinking and hand washingto make sure it meets drinking water standards— is potable. Keep records of tests and results.During ProductionFollow these GAPs while produce crops aregrowing to avoid contamination:• D o not allow domestic, nonworking animals(pets, chickens, grazing livestock, etc.), to enterproduce fields during growing or harvesting.• Limit wild animal access to growing areas usingreasonable, appropriate, and legal measures.Comanage to conserve natural resources andpromote food safety.• Do not apply manure or animal products duringcrop production unless properly composted ortreated (see above).• If you use well water for irrigation or sprays, testit for generic E. coli before the growing season,
and continue to test it quarterly. Keep records of
tests and results.
• If you use surface water for irrigation or sprays,
use drip or furrow irrigation to minimize
contact with produce. Avoid using surface water
for overhead irrigation or sprays unless it is
documented to have a low risk of contamination.
Test water sources for generic E. coli before using
each season and regularly during the season.
Keep records of tests and results.
• Provide and maintain an adequate number of
toilet and hand-washing facilities for workers.
Facilities should have toilet paper, running water,
soap, single-use towels, and waste bins.
• Train workers in proper hand-washing methods,
when to wash, and other farm food safety
policies. Post signs as reminders and keep
records of training efforts.
• Ensure that workers wash hands before starting
work, after breaks, and after engaging in nonfood
handling activities such as using the restroom,
handling animals, cleaning equipment, etc.
• Do not allow anyone who has been diagnosed
with a foodborne illness, or who is ill with
vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, or infected wounds
to handle produce or food contact surfaces.
• U se only EPA-approved pesticides and follow all
label instructions.
PURDUE EXTENSION 1-888-EXT-INFO WWW.EXTENSION.PURDUE.EDU
4
Good Agricultural Practices for Fruit and Vegetable Farms
During Harvest
Follow these GAPs while harvesting produce to
avoid contaminating the crop:
• C lean and sanitize harvest bins, tools, and wagon
beds before using them during harvest.
• Use nonabsorbent, durable, and washable
materials for equipment and tools that directly
contact produce during or after harvest
(Figure 1).
Figure 1. Porous wood, corroded metal, flaking paint, and
carpet are materials that should not contact fresh produce. These
materials are rough or absorbent, so they can’t be easily cleaned
or sanitized. Use smooth plastic, metal, or painted materials
instead.
• Keep equipment and farm implements clean and
in good repair. Fix fuel, oil, or hydraulic leaks
promptly.
• R emove as much dirt and debris from produce
as possible while in the field.
• Do not harvest damaged, diseased, or visibly
contaminated produce.
• K eep records of cleaning, sanitizing and
maintenance.
Post-harvest
Follow these GAPs after harvesting produce to
avoid contaminating the crop:
• Cool produce quickly to remove field heat and
minimize potential pathogen growth.
• Prevent bruising and damaging produce. Discard
any bruised or damaged produce.
• Keep packed fruits and vegetables off the floor.
Place containers on clean pallets.
• Keep floors and equipment clean and dry. Avoid
pooling water in packing sheds and coolers.
• Use only potable water sources for was
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