is demonstrated that exposure of LTA from non-pathogenic bacteria at the epithelial surface increases skin mast cell anti-
microbial activity via the activation of TLR2 (Wang et al.2012). It has also been reported that LTA at a concentration
of 100 ng/mL or higher significantly increased the expression of antimicrobial peptides in epithelial tissue (Nell et al.
2004),suggesting that our current strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria contained sufficient amounts of LTA to increase
dermal cellular defence against bacterial infection. Thus, it is postulated that LTA isolated from our current strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria could be potentially used as bioactive ingredients in cosmeceutical application