Dissolved solids (such as salts), heavy metals, and radionuclides from deep shale formations are of significant concern. In addition, increased runoff during storm events because of land clearing and establishment of impervious surface for well pads, roads, and pipelines can lead to increased erosion and sedimentation of rivers and streams, as well as potentially mobilizing other contaminants spilled or stored in impoundments. State regulations are extensive in the area of fluid management.