The GNI had a good link with HCWM practices, and indicates
the importance of financial, technological and human resources in
order to achieve significant improvement at the country level. In
particular, the clear gap between lower-middle and upperemiddle
income countries suggests that a certain minimum economic
threshold should be exceeded in order to get effective results. This
is particularly true for waste treatment and disposal, which
require technologies that often are too expensive to purchase,
operate and maintain for LMICs, especially in rural areas. The aggregation
through the HDI shows even clearer differences between
the groups. It suggests that also other factors included in
such an indicator, like education and population health, can affect
HCWM (Fig. 4). The countries with either the lowest GNI or HDI
shared similar challenges, but it is peculiar that it is the same also
for the ‘bottom billion’, despite the different grouping methodology
(Fig. 5). This finding suggests that the ‘development traps’
described by Collier (2007, p. 5) affect also HCWM, despite the
level of GNI and HDI. Moreover scientific literature describes only
few of the ‘bottom billion’ countries, thus the situation in the
others could be even worse, especially for those involved in a
conflict.
The GNI had a good link with HCWM practices, and indicatesthe importance of financial, technological and human resources inorder to achieve significant improvement at the country level. Inparticular, the clear gap between lower-middle and upperemiddleincome countries suggests that a certain minimum economicthreshold should be exceeded in order to get effective results. Thisis particularly true for waste treatment and disposal, whichrequire technologies that often are too expensive to purchase,operate and maintain for LMICs, especially in rural areas. The aggregationthrough the HDI shows even clearer differences betweenthe groups. It suggests that also other factors included insuch an indicator, like education and population health, can affectHCWM (Fig. 4). The countries with either the lowest GNI or HDIshared similar challenges, but it is peculiar that it is the same alsofor the ‘bottom billion’, despite the different grouping methodology(Fig. 5). This finding suggests that the ‘development traps’described by Collier (2007, p. 5) affect also HCWM, despite thelevel of GNI and HDI. Moreover scientific literature describes onlyfew of the ‘bottom billion’ countries, thus the situation in theothers could be even worse, especially for those involved in aconflict.
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