Gender, job grade, learning confidence, management support, coworker support, non-work support, shift working, and time constraints were other variables considered. The authors felt that many older workers with lower educational qualifications showed both affective and cognitive differences and linked their more limited learning motivation to lower learning confidence and greater perceived time constraints. Recommendations to increase voluntary development of older adults included rewards for participation, enhancement of basic skills, pre-training in appropriate learning strategies, sequential exposure to graded learning demands, and steps to change organizational stereotypes of older staff (Warr &Birdi, 1998).