In protoplast-based transfection methods, the entire plant cell wall is removed to
make the DNA/DNA vector accessible to cell transcription machinery. Meanwhile,
the viability of protoplasts and their capability of dividing are strongly reduced by
chemicals applied to disorganize the cell wall. In our experiment, we used cellulasemodified Cup-stacked CNT (CSCNT-cellulase) to create nanoholes in the cell wall, through which CSCNT with adsorbed biomolecules can move intracellularly, hence
circumventing complete cell wall removal.