— Catheter-associated urinary tract infection: before placement of the urinary catheter, before and after contact with the catheter
— Ventilator-associated pneumonia: before and after intubation, before and after aspiration
— Surgical site infection: before and after contact with wounds, after removal of a bandage
— Catheter-associated bloodstream infection: before placement of vascular catheters, before manipulation of vascular catheters, before preparation of intravenous medication.