where, t1, t2 and K are sensor response time, the system time
constant and system gain, respectively.
The first part in the right hand side of Eq. (16) corresponds to the
sensor delay and the second part indicates the pure or undelayed
data that should be compared with CFD outcomes.
To show the heating/cooling rate of the heat exchanger, the time
needed for reaching to 90% of final temperature value of liquid
stream defined as t90.