A new form of XOS derived from wheat arabinoxylans had also attracted recent interest. Wheat bran derived XOS in the form of a wheat bran extract were fed to 63 healthy adults at 0, 3 and 10 g/day over 3-week periods with 2-week washouts between treatment phases [46]. Bifidobacterial levels were increased on consumption of 10 g of extract per day and SCFA levels were increased together with a decrease in urinary p-creosol excretion indicating a beneficial shift in gut metabolism away from proteolysis towards saccharolysis. Further studies saw prebiotic effects following arabino-xylan-oligosaccharide incorporation into breakfast cereals [ 47] and breads [ 48].