Field testing data were collected from 106 participants (students in advanced
teacher preparation classes and adult educators). Final item selection was informed by data
from the field test sample and based on nine test construction criteria, including: scrutiny of
item difficulty level (defined by p values) and discrimination indices (D), elimination/
reduction of ambiguous items, those characterized by long, convoluted, and/or negative
constructions, those with implausible distractors, and those which focused on multiple ideas
(see the manual for the complete listing of specific criteria).