Also, V_r = V_1 sin α_1, and it is therefore clear that, as C_r and V_r depend upon the turbine efficiency, so also must α_1 depend upon turbine efficiency.
That is, in order to provide a greater flow for a turbine of lower efficiency, the gates must be opened to a larger angle to provide a larger area for the flow.
Often D_0 is slightly greater than D_t, but in many cases the two are practically identical.
If the latter is the case, thenEq.(16.10)
reduces to the same form as Eq.(16.9)
illustrative Example 16.2 (a) Find typical values for the blade angles α_1 and β| of a Francis turbine having a specific speed n_s = 75 and an hydraulic efficiency η_h = 0.94.
From Figs. 16.14 and 16.16, η = 0.925,B/D = 0.10 and ∅_e = 0.72.
Assume α_2 = 90^0.
Then, from Eq.(16.9)