Restatement Second of Contracts section 351(1) limits recovery to what is foreseeable as the probable result of a breach. Section 351(2) says that loss may be foreseeable "because it follows from the breach (a) in the ordinary course of events, or (b) as a result of special circumstances, beyond the ordinary course of events,
that the party in breach had reason to know." U.C.C. § 351(2). See also U.C.C. § 2-715(2)(a). That the Hadley rule is a penalty default forcing a contracting party to disclose factual information about its risks from a breach is shown elegantly by Ian Ayres and Robert Gertner in Filling Gaps In Incomplete Contracts: An Economic Theory of Default Rules. Ayres & Gertner, supra note 68.