Relations between Communism and the arts were close, though they followed a zigzag course both in Russia and in western Europe. Fascism and Nazism were also actively concerned with art as propaganda; and the period closed with one of Picasso's major works which is also his only explicitly political painting. However, it was in Mexico that the relationship between politics and art during these years was most fruitful, partly because the Mexican artists themselves formulated much of the theoretical base on which their program for a new public art was erected, and partly because it was combined with the quest to rediscover their national identity. By the time Rivera painted his The Making of a Fresco, showing the building of a city the revolutionary fervour of his early years had relaxed, but it continued to inform all his work and it is in this context that his paintings and also those of his sometime companions should be seen.
Mexico had thrown off spanish colonial rule in 1821 and there followed a turbulent century marked by the loss in 1848 of New Mexico, Texas, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and parts of Colorado and Wyoming to the USA. Twenty years later Napoleon III made his disastrous attempt to take over the country and install the archduke Maximilian as emperor. By 1910, when the Mexican Revolution began, 90 per cent of the peasants had been dispossessed of their land and were forced to live under an iniquitous system of debt peonage to their oppressive landlords, not all of whom were Mexicans. A decade of civil war ended in 1920 with the election of Alvaro Obregon as president and the installation of a revolutionary nationalist, rather than a full-scale Communist or Socialist, regime. It immediately and actively promoted an ambitious cultural program for which Siqueiros (whose most remarkable works were painted much later) drew up a formal ‘Declaration of social, Political and Aesthetic Principles’ in 1992, from which the following extract is taken.
Relations between Communism and the arts were close, though they followed a zigzag course both in Russia and in western Europe. Fascism and Nazism were also actively concerned with art as propaganda; and the period closed with one of Picasso's major works which is also his only explicitly political painting. However, it was in Mexico that the relationship between politics and art during these years was most fruitful, partly because the Mexican artists themselves formulated much of the theoretical base on which their program for a new public art was erected, and partly because it was combined with the quest to rediscover their national identity. By the time Rivera painted his The Making of a Fresco, showing the building of a city the revolutionary fervour of his early years had relaxed, but it continued to inform all his work and it is in this context that his paintings and also those of his sometime companions should be seen.Mexico had thrown off spanish colonial rule in 1821 and there followed a turbulent century marked by the loss in 1848 of New Mexico, Texas, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and parts of Colorado and Wyoming to the USA. Twenty years later Napoleon III made his disastrous attempt to take over the country and install the archduke Maximilian as emperor. By 1910, when the Mexican Revolution began, 90 per cent of the peasants had been dispossessed of their land and were forced to live under an iniquitous system of debt peonage to their oppressive landlords, not all of whom were Mexicans. A decade of civil war ended in 1920 with the election of Alvaro Obregon as president and the installation of a revolutionary nationalist, rather than a full-scale Communist or Socialist, regime. It immediately and actively promoted an ambitious cultural program for which Siqueiros (whose most remarkable works were painted much later) drew up a formal ‘Declaration of social, Political and Aesthetic Principles’ in 1992, from which the following extract is taken.
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