It is often argued that a lack of knowledge on the part of
classroom teachers, attributed to a lack of training, is one of
the main barriers to inclusion (see, for example, Forlin,
2001). However, attempts to identify the actual nature of the
required knowledge are often meagre. My own attempt in
Promoting Inclusive Practice (Florian, 1998) suggested that
teachers need knowledge about learning difficulties and that
they need to be skilled in using specific instructional
methods, but what does this mean? Evidence on teaching
practice and pedagogy in special and mainstream education
suggests that the teaching strategies used in mainstream
education can be adapted to assist students who have been
identified as having special educational needs. Cook and
Schirmer’s (2003) review, which sought to identify what is
‘special’ about special education, showed that teaching practices
that are effective for students identified as having
special educational needs also work with students who are
not identified as having special educational needs. Lewis
It is often argued that a lack of knowledge on the part of
classroom teachers, attributed to a lack of training, is one of
the main barriers to inclusion (see, for example, Forlin,
2001). However, attempts to identify the actual nature of the
required knowledge are often meagre. My own attempt in
Promoting Inclusive Practice (Florian, 1998) suggested that
teachers need knowledge about learning difficulties and that
they need to be skilled in using specific instructional
methods, but what does this mean? Evidence on teaching
practice and pedagogy in special and mainstream education
suggests that the teaching strategies used in mainstream
education can be adapted to assist students who have been
identified as having special educational needs. Cook and
Schirmer’s (2003) review, which sought to identify what is
‘special’ about special education, showed that teaching practices
that are effective for students identified as having
special educational needs also work with students who are
not identified as having special educational needs. Lewis
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