QR codes also represent exciting possibilities inside the classroom because of their potential for informing instructors in the development of their curriculum. There is little way for a librarian walking into a classroom to know what level of research experience the students in the class possess. To ensure that instruction is useful, the instructor could offer a paper pre-assessment before launching into the material. Unfortunately, such an approach would require a considerable use of valuable class time while the instructor then evaluated the results. QR codes offer a much quicker alternative for pre-assessment. While students arrive and settle in for class, they can be directed to scan a QR code that has been printed and placed on their desktops. In light of the 2011 ECAR National Study (EDUCAUSE, 2011), which found that 55% of undergraduate students own a smartphone, some presence of smartphones in the classroom can almost be guaranteed. Students with smart devices can be paired up with those without them, providing an opportunity for impromptu group work.