In this path, items
are developed first with the guidance of content experts. After the items are written, scoring
guides are developed to score possible responses. The items are then pilot tested with a
sample from the intended population. Their raw scores are subsequently analyzed to
produce scale scores. At this point, items are analyzed using statistical methods to examine
their measurement properties. Assuming the item statistics are satisfactory, the instrument is
considered finished. When time and money permit, or when poor results demand, a second
development cycle begins using the results of the calibration to suggest revisions to the
items. Note that throughout this process, the model of cognition is marginalized or ignored