During the early 1990s, an annual average of 1100 hazardous material spills occurred during railroad operations in the United States (USEPA, 1996).
Other rail sources of water pollution include fuel spills during the refueling of trains, deicing operations on train tracks, herbicide application, release of chemicals during operation or from routine cleaning and maintenance operations, and discharge from toilets (DEFRA, 2005)
13.2.3 Air Transportation Impacts
As seen in Table 13.1,
the effects of airport construction and expansion are generally similar to those of highways and railways. Also, airport maintenance and operations can greatly affect the surrounding water quality. In winter, over 12 million gallons of deicing products are applied annually for purposes of runway and aircraft