placement of the electrodes and MVCs were validated by inspecting a real-time display of the EMG signals arising from specific resisted movements (winDaq Pro v.2.72 software with DI-720 A/D Board, DATAQ Instruments Inc, Akron, Ohio). Next,a 5-second resting trial was recorded to determine the baseline noise for the EMG data. The MVC and resting data were used for subsequent EMG signal processing.