and assembly, packaging, logistics, and distribution (Handfield et al 1997; Zsidisin & Siferd, 2001). This implies that there is a wide range of initiatives that can be performed within green supply chains. As a result, there is a disagreement among scholars regarding what green supply chain initiatives are. Table 1 presents some of green supply chain initiatives that have been widely discussed in the literature. Table 1 indicates that green supply chain
initiatives can be generally classified into the following categories:
(1) Eco-design or design for the environment
(2) Green purchasing
(3) Reverse logistics