Some further guidelines were applied. First, in order to achieve more decisive results, only observed indicators for a predominantly non-material use were recorded. A number of landscape features are connected to different uses; a pathway, for example, can be used by agricultural machinery, thus serving food production activities, but can also be used by hikers. According to our scheme, only a pathway that predominantly has the character of a hiking trail would be included in the inventory. Second, the focus of the inventory was on relatively permanent signs. Short-lived indicators which could only have been found by coincidence (e.g. the observation of a person taking a picture) were not integrated within the survey. The guideline here was that a manifestation should be visible for at least one year or rather year round. Finally, to test what kind of results can possibly be derived from this particular approach, only those signs actually visible in the landscape were included, whereas general background information (e.g. information on hiking trails demarcated in tourist maps) or information obtained through other methods, for instance from interviews with people encountered in the investigation area, was not used. In order to achieve spatially explicit results, each visible indicator of a CES was mapped on site during the field tours. For this, a topographic map (scale 1:25 000) was used; additionally, aerial photographs helped to pinpoint indicators.