HM: standard and individualized.
The standard fortification consists in adding
fixed concentrations of fortifier to maternal milk, not
always corresponding to the nutritional requirements
of individual infants. This method is commonly used
in most NICUs but the results obtained in terms
of growth are not always satisfactory. Standard
fortification improved short-term growth, increased
nitrogen retention, had no long term advantages
in terms of either growth or development, had no
clear effect on bone mineral content and was not
associated with adverse effects