This project was funded by the Government of Canada through the Mountain Pine Beetle Initiative and administered by Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service. Publication does not necessarily signify that the contents of this report reflect the views or policies of Natural Resources Canada—Canadian Forest Service. Mention in this publication of any commercial product or service does not constitute endorsement of such by the Canadian Forest Service or the Government of Canada. Les Safranyik and one
anonymous referee are acknowledged for comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. We thank Simon Goring, Marnie Graf, Erin Carlson, Mirco Muntener, Crystal Braun, Khya Saban, and Jeff Selesnic for assistance in the field, and employees of the BC Ministry of Forests and Range for help with locating field sites.