United Nations A/AC.105/1039/Add.4
General Assembly
Distr.: General
21 January 2015
Original: English
V.15-00434 (E) 280115 290115
*1500434*
Committee on the Peaceful
Uses of Outer Space
Questions on suborbital flights for scientific missions and/or
for human transportation
Note by the Secretariat
Addendum
Contents
Page
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
II. Replies received from Member States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
III. Replies received from permanent observers of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of
Outer Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Space Generation Advisory Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 V.15-00434
A/AC.105/1039/Add.4
I. Introduction
1. At the fifty-third session of the Legal Subcommittee of the Committee on the
Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, in 2014, the Working Group on the Definition and
Delimitation of Outer Space agreed to continue to invite Member States of the
United Nations and permanent observers of the Committee to provide their replies
to the following questions (see A/AC.105/1067, annex II, para. 15 (c)):
(i) Is there a relationship between suborbital flights for scientific missions
and/or for human transportation and the definition and delimitation of outer space?
(ii) Will the legal definition of suborbital flights for scientific missions
and/or for human transportation be practically useful for States and other actors with
regard to space activities?
(iii) How could suborbital flights for scientific missions and/or for human
transportation be defined?
(iv) Which legislation applies or could be applied to suborbital flights for
scientific missions and/or for human transportation?
(v) How will the legal definition of suborbital flights for scientific missions
and/or for human transportation impact the progressive development of space law?
(vi) Please propose other questions to be considered in the framework of the
legal definition of suborbital flights for scientific missions and/or for human
transportation.
2. The present document has been prepared by the Secretariat on the basis of
replies received from member States and an international non-governmental
organization having permanent observer status with the Committee.
II. Replies received from Member States
Cyprus
[Original: English]
[19 December 2014]
Question (i). A suborbital flight is a flight up to a very high altitude which
does not involve sending the vehicle concerned into orbit. Therefore, there is a
direct link between suborbital flights and the question of delimitation and definition
of outer space.
The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration
and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, states that
a launching State is internationally liable for damage caused by an object launched
into outer space. The Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by
Space Objects provides that a launching state “shall be absolutely liable to pay
compensation for damage caused by its space object”.
Therefore, a definition and delimitation of outer space might be of particular
importance for States with space activities.
V.15-00434 3
A/AC.105/1039/Add.4
Question (ii). Yes, such a definition could be of practical use.
Question (iii). Air law and/or space law. However, the creation of a special
regime that would apply to suborbital flights could possibly alleviate the current
shortcomings and inconsistencies that may arise from the application of air and
space law.
Question (iv). This will depend on the legal definition that is given to
suborbital flights.
Question (v). Cyprus does not currently have any proposals to put forward.
Norway
[Original: English]
[17 November 2014]
Question (i). No. Suborbital sounding rockets sometimes have missions that
go higher than the International Space Station and some satellites.
Question (ii). No new legislation should prohibit the type of scientific
sounding rocket activity that is currently carried out in Norway.
Question (iii). Suborbital means going into space and returning to Earth,
without going into orbit around the Earth.
Question (iv). There exists a Norwegian law regulating the launch of objects
into space.
Question (v). No comments.
Question (vi). No comments.
Ukraine
[Original: English]
[10 December 2014]
Question (i). There is a relationship between suborbital flights for scientific
missions and/or for human transportation and the definition and delimitation of
outer space.
Question (ii). The legal definition of suborbital flights for scientific missions
and/or for human transportation will be practically useful for States and other actors
with regard to space activities.
Question (iii). The Government of Ukraine believes that it is necessary to
discuss the issue of defining suborbital flights in the framework of the Committee
on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its Subcommittees, with the involvement
of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
Question (iv). It can be assumed that, depending on their purpose, suborbital
flights can fall within the scope of either space or air law.
4 V.15-00434
A/AC.105/1039/Add.4
Question (v). For now, it is difficult to define the impact of the definition of
suborbital flights on the progressive development of space law.
Question (vi). There are no additional questions for consideration.
III. Replies received from permanent observers of the
Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
Space Generation Advisory Council
[Original: English]
[1 December 2014]
Question (i). Yes. Establishing the relationship between suborbital flights and
the definition and delimitation of outer space would serve as a building block for
developing law governing space and air activities. It is important to define the
delimitation of air and outer space in order to better understand the rights and
abilities of commercial entities involved in suborbital flights, whether for human
transportation or for purely scientific purposes.
There is currently a growing region around the Kármán line in which both
aircraft and spacecraft can operate. The lower boundary is being extended by the
lowest perigee at which spacecraft can travel, while the higher boundary is being
pushed by the capability of aircraft to fly at higher altitudes, affecting the definition
of outer space, which in turn impacts the regulation of suborbital flight.
In this regard, the relationship between suborbital flights for scientific and/or
for human transportation and the delimitation and definition of outer space is at
least twofold. Depending on the definition and delimitation of airspace and outer
space, suborbital flights may infringe upon the airspace of a State, and thus its
sovereignty. Furthermore, there are currently different regulatory mechanisms
applied to missions conducted within airspace (e.g. the Convention on International
Civil Aviation) and outer space (e.g. the Convention on Registration of Objects
Launched into Outer Space).
Question (ii). Yes. The legal definition of suborbital flights for scientific
missions and/or for human transportation will provide States and other actors with
legal certainty about their related rights and obligations. It is important for the legal
definition of suborbital flights to be considered and written from the perspective of
not only States but also other actors, in order for it to realistically be practical and
useful for all. Therefore, the legal definition should consider the perspectives of
States and other actors (commercial and other entities relating to air and space
activities), as well as national and international viewpoints, while still respecting
international law regarding air and space activities.
Question (iii). The definition of suborbital flights should be based on the
definitions of outer space and airspace, as well as of orbital flights. Orbital flights
occur when outer space is reached and the spacecraft completes at least one orbit
around the Earth with a velocity of at least 7.1 km/s. Therefore, the definition of
suborbital flights would exclude orbital flights. Suborbital flights would take a
suborbital trajectory, launched from and directly returning to Earth without
V.15-00434 5
A/AC.105/1039/Add.4
performing an orbit. The definition would therefore include flights which do not
reach the orbital velocity necessary to maintain a sustained orbital flight for a
given altitude.
It should be noted that any definition of suborbital flights should be flexible,
given the frequent changes to technology; therefore, the definition of suborbital
flights should be reviewed every five years.
With regard to the purpose of suborbital flights, a scientific mission could be
defined differently from a human transportation flight and therefore needs further
defining. Also under consideration should be the concepts of suborbital flights for
tourism and non-human transportation. Flexibility and technical considerations
should be the foundation of a definition for all suborbital flights regardless of
their purpose.
Question (iv). Legislation relating to the following areas applies or could be
applied:
(a) Space policy and law;
(b) Air policy and law;
(c) Additional int
A/AC.105/1039/Add.4 สหประชาชาติสมัชชาDistr.: ทั่วไป21 2015 มกราคมต้นฉบับ: ภาษาอังกฤษV.15-00434 (E) 280115 290115* 1500434 *คณะกรรมการสงบใช้ของอวกาศคำถามเกี่ยวกับ suborbital สำหรับภารกิจทางวิทยาศาสตร์ และ/หรือสำหรับขนส่งมนุษย์หมายเหตุตามเลขาธิการภาคผนวกเนื้อหาหน้าI. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2II การตอบรับจากรัฐสมาชิก.............................................. 2Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3III. ตอบรับจากผู้สังเกตการณ์ถาวรของคณะกรรมการในการใช้บริการของOuter Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4พื้นที่สร้างปรึกษาสภา............................................... 42 V.15-00434A/AC.105/1039/Add.4I. บทนำ1. ในรอบห้าสิบสามองค์ประกอบของคณะกรรมการตามกฎหมายใช้สันติของอวกาศ ในปี 2014 คณะทำงานในการกำหนด และกำหนดเขตของอวกาศตกลงต่อไปเชิญสมาชิกสถานะของการสหประชาชาติและผู้สังเกตการณ์ถาวรคณะกรรมการเพื่อให้คำตอบของพวกเขาถามต่อไปนี้ (ดู A/AC.105/1067 แอนเน็กซ์ II, para. 15 (c)):(i) มีความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างเที่ยวบิน suborbital สำหรับภารกิจทางวิทยาศาสตร์และ/หรือขนส่งมนุษย์นิยาม และกำหนดเขตของอวกาศ(ii) จะนิยามกฎหมาย suborbital บินสำหรับภารกิจทางวิทยาศาสตร์และ/หรือสำหรับขนส่งบุคคลเป็นประโยชน์จริงสำหรับอเมริกาและนักแสดงอื่น ๆ ด้วยเกี่ยวกับกิจกรรมพื้นที่(iii) ว่าสามารถบิน suborbital สำหรับภารกิจทางวิทยาศาสตร์ และ/หรือบุคคลกำหนดเดินทาง(iv) กฎหมายที่ใช้ หรือสามารถใช้กับเที่ยวบิน suborbital สำหรับภารกิจทางวิทยาศาสตร์ และ/หรือขนส่งมนุษย์(v) ว่าจะนิยามกฎหมาย suborbital บินสำหรับภารกิจทางวิทยาศาสตร์หรือสำหรับขนส่งมนุษย์ผลกระทบการพัฒนาก้าวหน้าของกฎหมายอวกาศ(vi) กรุณาเสนอคำถามอื่น ๆ จะเป็นกรอบของการคำจำกัดความทางกฎหมาย suborbital บิน สำหรับภารกิจทางวิทยาศาสตร์ และ/หรือบุคคลขนส่ง2. เอกสารปัจจุบันถูกเตรียมไว้ โดยเลขานุการบนพื้นฐานของคำตอบที่ได้รับจากรัฐสมาชิกและเอกชนนานาชาติองค์กรที่มีสถานะถาวรนักการกับคณะกรรมการII การตอบรับจากรัฐสมาชิกประเทศไซปรัส[ต้นฉบับ: อังกฤษ][19 2557 ธันวาคม]คำถาม (i) เที่ยวบิน suborbital จะบินขึ้นสูงสูงมากซึ่งไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับการส่งยานพาหนะที่เกี่ยวข้องเข้าไปในวงโคจร ดังนั้น มีการเชื่อมโยงโดยตรงระหว่างเที่ยวบิน suborbital และคำถามที่กำหนดเขตและคำจำกัดความของอวกาศสนธิสัญญาหลักในการควบคุมกิจกรรมของอเมริกาในการสำรวจและใช้ของอวกาศ รวมทั้งดวงจันทร์และเทหวัตถุอื่น ที่ระบุว่าสถานะเปิดใช้งานอยู่ในระดับนานาชาติรับผิดชอบความเสียหายที่เกิดจากวัตถุที่เปิดใช้ในอวกาศ อนุสัญญาว่าด้วยความรับผิดระหว่างประเทศสำหรับความเสียหายที่เกิดจากวัตถุช่องว่างแสดงว่า สถานะที่เปิดใช้งาน "จะแน่นอนต้องจ่ายค่าตอบแทนสำหรับความเสียหายที่เกิดจากวัตถุของพื้นที่"ดังนั้น คำนิยามและกำหนดเขตของอวกาศอาจเป็นเฉพาะความสำคัญในอเมริกา ด้วยพื้นที่กิจกรรมV.15-00434 3A/AC.105/1039/Add.4คำถาม (ii) ใช่ คำจำกัดความดังกล่าวอาจจะใช้ปฏิบัติคำถาม (iii) กฎหมายอากาศและ/หรือกฎหมายอวกาศ อย่างไรก็ตาม การสร้างแบบพิเศษระบอบการปกครองที่จะใช้กับเที่ยวบิน suborbital อาจสามารถบรรเทาปัจจุบันแสดงและไม่สอดคล้องกันที่อาจเกิดขึ้นจากการใช้อากาศ และกฎหมายอวกาศQuestion (iv). This will depend on the legal definition that is given tosuborbital flights.Question (v). Cyprus does not currently have any proposals to put forward.Norway[Original: English][17 November 2014]Question (i). No. Suborbital sounding rockets sometimes have missions thatgo higher than the International Space Station and some satellites.Question (ii). No new legislation should prohibit the type of scientificsounding rocket activity that is currently carried out in Norway.Question (iii). Suborbital means going into space and returning to Earth,without going into orbit around the Earth.Question (iv). There exists a Norwegian law regulating the launch of objectsinto space.Question (v). No comments.Question (vi). No comments.Ukraine[Original: English][10 December 2014]Question (i). There is a relationship between suborbital flights for scientificmissions and/or for human transportation and the definition and delimitation ofouter space.Question (ii). The legal definition of suborbital flights for scientific missionsand/or for human transportation will be practically useful for States and other actorswith regard to space activities.Question (iii). The Government of Ukraine believes that it is necessary todiscuss the issue of defining suborbital flights in the framework of the Committeeon the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its Subcommittees, with the involvementof the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).Question (iv). It can be assumed that, depending on their purpose, suborbitalflights can fall within the scope of either space or air law.4 V.15-00434A/AC.105/1039/Add.4Question (v). For now, it is difficult to define the impact of the definition ofsuborbital flights on the progressive development of space law.Question (vi). There are no additional questions for consideration.III. Replies received from permanent observers of theCommittee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer SpaceSpace Generation Advisory Council[Original: English][1 December 2014]Question (i). Yes. Establishing the relationship between suborbital flights andthe definition and delimitation of outer space would serve as a building block fordeveloping law governing space and air activities. It is important to define thedelimitation of air and outer space in order to better understand the rights andabilities of commercial entities involved in suborbital flights, whether for humantransportation or for purely scientific purposes.There is currently a growing region around the Kármán line in which bothaircraft and spacecraft can operate. The lower boundary is being extended by thelowest perigee at which spacecraft can travel, while the higher boundary is beingpushed by the capability of aircraft to fly at higher altitudes, affecting the definitionof outer space, which in turn impacts the regulation of suborbital flight.In this regard, the relationship between suborbital flights for scientific and/orfor human transportation and the delimitation and definition of outer space is at
least twofold. Depending on the definition and delimitation of airspace and outer
space, suborbital flights may infringe upon the airspace of a State, and thus its
sovereignty. Furthermore, there are currently different regulatory mechanisms
applied to missions conducted within airspace (e.g. the Convention on International
Civil Aviation) and outer space (e.g. the Convention on Registration of Objects
Launched into Outer Space).
Question (ii). Yes. The legal definition of suborbital flights for scientific
missions and/or for human transportation will provide States and other actors with
legal certainty about their related rights and obligations. It is important for the legal
definition of suborbital flights to be considered and written from the perspective of
not only States but also other actors, in order for it to realistically be practical and
useful for all. Therefore, the legal definition should consider the perspectives of
States and other actors (commercial and other entities relating to air and space
activities), as well as national and international viewpoints, while still respecting
international law regarding air and space activities.
Question (iii). The definition of suborbital flights should be based on the
definitions of outer space and airspace, as well as of orbital flights. Orbital flights
occur when outer space is reached and the spacecraft completes at least one orbit
around the Earth with a velocity of at least 7.1 km/s. Therefore, the definition of
suborbital flights would exclude orbital flights. Suborbital flights would take a
suborbital trajectory, launched from and directly returning to Earth without
V.15-00434 5
A/AC.105/1039/Add.4
performing an orbit. The definition would therefore include flights which do not
reach the orbital velocity necessary to maintain a sustained orbital flight for a
given altitude.
It should be noted that any definition of suborbital flights should be flexible,
given the frequent changes to technology; therefore, the definition of suborbital
flights should be reviewed every five years.
With regard to the purpose of suborbital flights, a scientific mission could be
defined differently from a human transportation flight and therefore needs further
defining. Also under consideration should be the concepts of suborbital flights for
tourism and non-human transportation. Flexibility and technical considerations
should be the foundation of a definition for all suborbital flights regardless of
their purpose.
Question (iv). Legislation relating to the following areas applies or could be
applied:
(a) Space policy and law;
(b) Air policy and law;
(c) Additional int
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