The effects of air pollution on oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction from early life confirm the necessity of implications of these findings in relation to public health and regulatory policies for prevention and control of adult chronic diseases from childhood.
Similar to cardiovascular diseases, the prevalence of malignancies is rapidly escalating worldwide. Although lifestyle behaviours such as smoking [30], as well as unhealthy dietary and physical activity habits leading to obesity and diabetes, are known as a major contributing factor in this regard [31], air pollution should be considered as another potential risk factor for developing countries [32], especially Asian countries where cancer has become an emerging health threat [33]. This issue is particularly important for children, who are susceptible to short-term and long-term effects of air pollutants.