Table 11: Results of Gray Accounting Values for Each 3G Countries based on Gray Four Dimensions
3G
Economies
Professionalism versus
Statutory Control
Uniformity versus
Flexibility
Conservatism versus
Optimism
Secrecy versus
Transparency
Bangladesh Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Secrecy
China Professionalism/Statutory
Control
Uniformity(-) Conservatism/Optimism Secrecy (-)
Egypt Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Secrecy
India Professionalism Flexibility/Uniformity Optimism/Conservatism Transparency/Secrecy
Indonesia Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Transparency
Iraq Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Transparency
Mongolia Statutory Control Flexibility Optimism/Conservatism Transparency
Nigeria Statutory Control (-) Uniformity Conservatism (-) Secrecy
Philippines Professionalism Uniformity (-) Conservatism/Optimism Secrecy
Sri Lanka Professionalism Uniformity (-) Conservatism Secrecy
Viet Nam Professionalism (-) Uniformity (-) Conservatism/Optimism Secrecy
Analysis of Gray Results for the 3G Countries
A common Gray dimension among the 3Gs is that of uniformity as opposed to flexibility. Nine of the
eleven countries exhibit some degree of uniformity. The exceptions are India and Mongolia, which in Section V are
ranked first and second, respectively, with regard to closeness of their overall Gray value profile to the IFRS profile
illustrated in Table 7. As has already been noted, the Hofstede dimensions for Mongolia, from which its Gray value
dimension have been derived, were based on a recent survey of a very young sample that may well be less
representative of the broader population. Uniformity reflects a strong tendency toward a high level of enforcement
of standardized and consistent accounting practices as opposed to flexibility which permits some creativity in
finding appropriate accounting solutions to changes in the business activities and reporting needs.
Another common dimension in the group was conservatism as opposed to optimism. Nine of the eleven
3Gs exhibited at least some degree of conservatism, with the exception, again, being India and Mongolia.
Conservatism tends to be a vigilant approach to accounting measurement, as opposed to a more optimistic and risktaking
approach, which might permit fair value and other innovative notions.
On the dimension of secrecy versus transparency, seven of the eleven countries exhibited a degree of
secrecy. Secrecy reflects a tendency toward confidentiality and the constraint of disclosure of information, as
opposed to a more transparent and publicly accountable approach. It is more pervasive in societies lacking a
tradition of having individual equity investors dependent upon public information for investing decisions and open
equity markets.
Finally, on the professionalism versus statutory control dimension, six out of the eleven 3Gs exhibited a
degree of statutory control. This is associated with strict government rules for accounting determined by decree or
legislation, leaving little room for professional accounting decisions. On the other hand, five of the countries
exhibited some degree of professionalism, a value that favors professional standard-setting and professional selfregulation.
Ranking of Gray Results Based on Closeness to IFRS Profile
It is helpful to reorder the Gray dimension profile information for the 3Gs provided in Table 11 to provide a
ranking of the 3Gs from closest to most remote from the proposed IFRS profile, as shown in Table 7. This is seen in
Table 12, which, for comparative purposes, juxtaposes the IFRS accounting profile to the Gray accounting value
profile derived for each of the 3Gs. Also provided for comparison is a column providing the 3G Index ranking of
each 3G.
Table 11: Results of Gray Accounting Values for Each 3G Countries based on Gray Four Dimensions
3G
Economies
Professionalism versus
Statutory Control
Uniformity versus
Flexibility
Conservatism versus
Optimism
Secrecy versus
Transparency
Bangladesh Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Secrecy
China Professionalism/Statutory
Control
Uniformity(-) Conservatism/Optimism Secrecy (-)
Egypt Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Secrecy
India Professionalism Flexibility/Uniformity Optimism/Conservatism Transparency/Secrecy
Indonesia Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Transparency
Iraq Statutory Control Uniformity Conservatism Transparency
Mongolia Statutory Control Flexibility Optimism/Conservatism Transparency
Nigeria Statutory Control (-) Uniformity Conservatism (-) Secrecy
Philippines Professionalism Uniformity (-) Conservatism/Optimism Secrecy
Sri Lanka Professionalism Uniformity (-) Conservatism Secrecy
Viet Nam Professionalism (-) Uniformity (-) Conservatism/Optimism Secrecy
Analysis of Gray Results for the 3G Countries
A common Gray dimension among the 3Gs is that of uniformity as opposed to flexibility. Nine of the
eleven countries exhibit some degree of uniformity. The exceptions are India and Mongolia, which in Section V are
ranked first and second, respectively, with regard to closeness of their overall Gray value profile to the IFRS profile
illustrated in Table 7. As has already been noted, the Hofstede dimensions for Mongolia, from which its Gray value
dimension have been derived, were based on a recent survey of a very young sample that may well be less
representative of the broader population. Uniformity reflects a strong tendency toward a high level of enforcement
of standardized and consistent accounting practices as opposed to flexibility which permits some creativity in
finding appropriate accounting solutions to changes in the business activities and reporting needs.
Another common dimension in the group was conservatism as opposed to optimism. Nine of the eleven
3Gs exhibited at least some degree of conservatism, with the exception, again, being India and Mongolia.
Conservatism tends to be a vigilant approach to accounting measurement, as opposed to a more optimistic and risktaking
approach, which might permit fair value and other innovative notions.
On the dimension of secrecy versus transparency, seven of the eleven countries exhibited a degree of
secrecy. Secrecy reflects a tendency toward confidentiality and the constraint of disclosure of information, as
opposed to a more transparent and publicly accountable approach. It is more pervasive in societies lacking a
tradition of having individual equity investors dependent upon public information for investing decisions and open
equity markets.
Finally, on the professionalism versus statutory control dimension, six out of the eleven 3Gs exhibited a
degree of statutory control. This is associated with strict government rules for accounting determined by decree or
legislation, leaving little room for professional accounting decisions. On the other hand, five of the countries
exhibited some degree of professionalism, a value that favors professional standard-setting and professional selfregulation.
Ranking of Gray Results Based on Closeness to IFRS Profile
It is helpful to reorder the Gray dimension profile information for the 3Gs provided in Table 11 to provide a
ranking of the 3Gs from closest to most remote from the proposed IFRS profile, as shown in Table 7. This is seen in
Table 12, which, for comparative purposes, juxtaposes the IFRS accounting profile to the Gray accounting value
profile derived for each of the 3Gs. Also provided for comparison is a column providing the 3G Index ranking of
each 3G.
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