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EXHIBIT 3-7 N utrien t delivery sys

EXHIBIT 3-7 N utrien t delivery system worn during testing by the inventor, Matt Kressy
(nutrient pouch , tubing, and val ve on his right side).




Follow a Personal Passion
List your passions- endeavors that keep you awake with excitement- and then consider how emerging technologies, trends, and business models might influence them. Or iden­ tify unmet needs that you have in connection with a personal interest. An avid bicyclist whom we know has been developing a nutrient delivery system for use with existing hydration backpacks (for example, CamelBak), which has applications for the military and for a wide variety of sports (Exhibit 3-7). He identified the opportunity whi l e reflect­ ing on his desire to adjust the amount of sugar and electrolytes in the beverages in his hydration pack.

Compile Bug Lists
Successful innovators are often chronically dissatisfied with the world around them. They notice unmet needs of users, including themselves. List (or photograph) every a nnoyance or frustration you encounter over a period of days or weeks and then pick the most univer­ sal and vexing ones and dream up solutions. Any problem is an opportunity.
An annoyance that gives birth to the opportunity doesn 't have to be yours alone. In­ stead, you migh t find it through customer complaints or market research. A powerful way to understand others ' annoyances is to immerse yourself in the world of people using your products or services.

Pull Opportunities from Capabilities
Theories of competitive advantage abound, but most spring from the idea that firms achieve above-average profits by exploiting unique resources. Resources, an umbrella

term, includes capabilities, core competencies, and competitive advantage. To provide advantage, a resource must be:

• Valuable. To be valuable, a resource must either allow a firm to achieve greater per- formance than competitors or reduce a weakness relative to competitors.
• Rare. Given competition, a valuable resource must be rare.
• Inimitable. For value and rarity to persist, a resource must not be easily imitated.
• Nonsubstitutable. Even if valuable, rare, and inimitable, a resource providing advan­
tage can't be easily substituted.

This perspective, abbreviated as VRIN, can be used to define targets by first articu­ lating an inventory of resources and then using the inventory as a lens for opportunity generation.
Apple Computer's VRIN resources, for example, might include excellence in industrial design, a leading brand, and a loyal customer base. Each of these resources can guide the opportunity creation process by reformulating them as a challenge. For example: ln what other product categories might Apple's design excellence create advantage? For which product or service categories could the Apple brand be deployed to advantage? What other products or services could Apple provide to its customer base?

Study Customers
Opportunities can be identified by studying customers in a selected market segment. These studies (also called user anthropology or consumer ethnography) provide a deeper understanding of the true customer needs than you can obtain through surveys.
Consider the bicycle industry. Shimano, a maker of bike components like pedals and brakes, recently commissioned a user-anthropology study to understand why more people in the United States don 't ride bikes. The traditional approach to this problem would have been to create a survey or a set of focus groups, asking customers how often they ride and what at­ tributes of a bike they value the most. Most likely, most Americans would say that they ride regularly (which for some might mean once a year) and that they want light bikes with many gears. Those, after all, are the product attributes emphasized in nearly every bike shop.
Unfortunately, what people say to researchers and what they really do can differ sub­ stantially. By spending many hours observing potential cyclists, including time on and off bicycles, Shimano's researchers found that many consumers want bikes that are techni­ cally simple, easy to ride, and easy to get on and off- all attributes that aren 't emphasized in the current competition among bicycle manufacturers, who tend to emphasize the needs of biking enthusiasts.
User anthropology thus helped Shimano to identify a set of latent needs. (See Chap­
ter 5, Identifying Customer Needs, for a description of latent needs.) When a latent need is articulated, it becomes a target for the opportunity creation process. Once they identi­ fied the factors that keep many potential customers in their automobiles as opposed to on their bikes, they had the oppmtunity to redefine the product category.
In the case of Shimano, these efforts led to the creation of bikes targeted specifically at the leisure rider, that is, people who might rent a bike during their annual family trip to the beach but otherwise weren't riding regularly. Shimano developed a line of com­ ponents under the brand Coasting, and manufacturers then incorporated them into their bikes. One example is the Trek Lime, shown in Exhibit 3-8.

EXHIBIT 3-8 The Trek Lime bicycl e incorpora ting the Shimano Coasting co mponent group.

Consider Implications of Trends
Changes in technology, d emograph y, o r social norm s ofte n create innova tion opportuni­ ties. Ubiqui tous mobil e te l e phon e serv ice, for example, e nables a wide va riety of infor­ mation d e live ry services. An increasi n g Spanish-speaking population in the United States, for example, enables new sorts of Spa ni sh-langua ge m edia. Growing environmental awareness crea tes a market for g reen products a nd se r v i ces. Once again , the m ea n s of explorat i o n i s easy: li st soc i a l , enviro nm e nta l , techn o l og i ca l , o r economic trends a nd then imagi n e in n ova tion opportunities mad e possible by each o n e.
Imitate, hut Better
When a n oth er firm inn ova tes successfully, it in effect publi shes t h e l oca tion of a gold mine. You ca n ex ploit this informati on by either co nsid e ring a lte rn at i ve so lution s th at could a ddress the sa me need or alternative needs that co uld be addressed with th e same solution. Ex hibit 3-9 sh ows exa mples of th e imitate-but-better approach. Here are so m e sources of opportunities for imitation :

• Media and marketing activities of other firms. Scan the media a nd monitor the acti vi­ ties of oth er firms by a tten ding trade sh ows a nd following patent filings, for example. Arti c ul a te the need a nd so lution assoc iated w ith a n y innovation that you identify. Generate a lternati ve ap proaches to meeting the need or alternative n eeds that can be a ddressed with the n ew approach.
• De-commoditize a commodity. Often , price compet iti on characterizes a product cate­ gory, a nd the offerings themselves a re littl e m ore th a n cotm11odities. Recall coffee before Starbucks or breat h mints before A ltoi ds. A situation like this creates an opportunity for innovation. To pursue this kind of innovati on, li st a ll of the inexpensive, undifferentiated produ cts or services in a category a nd then consider the possibili ty of deluxe versi ons.
EXHIBIT 3-9 Examples of t he imita te-bu t-better approach: Spin Bru sh , Sta r b ucks, Al to i ds.
• Drive an innovation "down market." Four entrepreneurs with a history in the toy and candy businesses invented the Crest SpinBrush in 1998. They believed that their com­ petitive advantage was in creating sma ll , cheap, battery-powered devices, as they had done with the Spin Pop, a lollipop spun by a little motor. They were struck by the array of electric toothbrushes, many se lling for about $100, yet none having much more complexity than their spinning lollipops. They decided to "create an electric tooth­ brush that can sell for six dollars." Their SpinBrush became the best selling toothbrush of any type. To follow their example, list the premium products or services in a cate­ gory and then imagine much cheaper versions that provide many of the same benefits.
• Import geographically isolated iunovations. Innovations are often geographically isolated, particularly if introduced by smaller firms. Translating the innovation from one geographic region to anot he r can be a source of innovation. The Red Bull energy drink started as a product for Thai truck drivers. Starbucks founder Howard Schultz created the chain after visiting Milan and becoming infatuated with its cafe cu lture and espresso-based drinks.

Mine Your Sources
Recall that abou t half of product opportunities arise from sources inside an organization and about half come from outside sources. As a result, you benefit from cultivating exter­ nal sources of ideas. Those sources include the following:

• Lead users. Firms have amp l e incentive to innovate. Innovation, after al l, can result in new sources of cash. But lead users and independent inventors may have even greater incentives. Lead users are people or firms that have advanced needs that may not be met by existing products or services. Lead users must either tolerate their unmet needs or innovate themselves to address them. Many devices and procedures in health care were invented by clinic ians. For examp l e, consider Dr. Lillian Aronson, a veterinarian at the University of Pennsylvania who performs feline liver transplants. Her procedure is rela­ tively new, the market is small, and few ex i sting surgical tools fit the task. Dr. Aronson thus has to choose between ill-suited
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EXHIBIT 3-7 N utrien t delivery system worn during testing by the inventor, Matt Kressy(nutrient pouch , tubing, and val ve on his right side).Follow a Personal PassionList your passions- endeavors that keep you awake with excitement- and then consider how emerging technologies, trends, and business models might influence them. Or iden­ tify unmet needs that you have in connection with a personal interest. An avid bicyclist whom we know has been developing a nutrient delivery system for use with existing hydration backpacks (for example, CamelBak), which has applications for the military and for a wide variety of sports (Exhibit 3-7). He identified the opportunity whi l e reflect­ ing on his desire to adjust the amount of sugar and electrolytes in the beverages in his hydration pack.Compile Bug ListsSuccessful innovators are often chronically dissatisfied with the world around them. They notice unmet needs of users, including themselves. List (or photograph) every a nnoyance or frustration you encounter over a period of days or weeks and then pick the most univer­ sal and vexing ones and dream up solutions. Any problem is an opportunity.An annoyance that gives birth to the opportunity doesn 't have to be yours alone. In­ stead, you migh t find it through customer complaints or market research. A powerful way to understand others ' annoyances is to immerse yourself in the world of people using your products or services.Pull Opportunities from CapabilitiesTheories of competitive advantage abound, but most spring from the idea that firms achieve above-average profits by exploiting unique resources. Resources, an umbrella term, includes capabilities, core competencies, and competitive advantage. To provide advantage, a resource must be:• Valuable. To be valuable, a resource must either allow a firm to achieve greater per- formance than competitors or reduce a weakness relative to competitors.• Rare. Given competition, a valuable resource must be rare.• Inimitable. For value and rarity to persist, a resource must not be easily imitated.• Nonsubstitutable. Even if valuable, rare, and inimitable, a resource providing advan­tage can't be easily substituted.This perspective, abbreviated as VRIN, can be used to define targets by first articu­ lating an inventory of resources and then using the inventory as a lens for opportunity generation.Apple Computer's VRIN resources, for example, might include excellence in industrial design, a leading brand, and a loyal customer base. Each of these resources can guide the opportunity creation process by reformulating them as a challenge. For example: ln what other product categories might Apple's design excellence create advantage? For which product or service categories could the Apple brand be deployed to advantage? What other products or services could Apple provide to its customer base?Study CustomersOpportunities can be identified by studying customers in a selected market segment. These studies (also called user anthropology or consumer ethnography) provide a deeper understanding of the true customer needs than you can obtain through surveys.Consider the bicycle industry. Shimano, a maker of bike components like pedals and brakes, recently commissioned a user-anthropology study to understand why more people in the United States don 't ride bikes. The traditional approach to this problem would have been to create a survey or a set of focus groups, asking customers how often they ride and what at­ tributes of a bike they value the most. Most likely, most Americans would say that they ride regularly (which for some might mean once a year) and that they want light bikes with many gears. Those, after all, are the product attributes emphasized in nearly every bike shop.Unfortunately, what people say to researchers and what they really do can differ sub­ stantially. By spending many hours observing potential cyclists, including time on and off bicycles, Shimano's researchers found that many consumers want bikes that are techni­ cally simple, easy to ride, and easy to get on and off- all attributes that aren 't emphasized in the current competition among bicycle manufacturers, who tend to emphasize the needs of biking enthusiasts.User anthropology thus helped Shimano to identify a set of latent needs. (See Chap­ter 5, Identifying Customer Needs, for a description of latent needs.) When a latent need is articulated, it becomes a target for the opportunity creation process. Once they identi­ fied the factors that keep many potential customers in their automobiles as opposed to on their bikes, they had the oppmtunity to redefine the product category.
In the case of Shimano, these efforts led to the creation of bikes targeted specifically at the leisure rider, that is, people who might rent a bike during their annual family trip to the beach but otherwise weren't riding regularly. Shimano developed a line of com­ ponents under the brand Coasting, and manufacturers then incorporated them into their bikes. One example is the Trek Lime, shown in Exhibit 3-8.

EXHIBIT 3-8 The Trek Lime bicycl e incorpora ting the Shimano Coasting co mponent group.

Consider Implications of Trends
Changes in technology, d emograph y, o r social norm s ofte n create innova tion opportuni­ ties. Ubiqui tous mobil e te l e phon e serv ice, for example, e nables a wide va riety of infor­ mation d e live ry services. An increasi n g Spanish-speaking population in the United States, for example, enables new sorts of Spa ni sh-langua ge m edia. Growing environmental awareness crea tes a market for g reen products a nd se r v i ces. Once again , the m ea n s of explorat i o n i s easy: li st soc i a l , enviro nm e nta l , techn o l og i ca l , o r economic trends a nd then imagi n e in n ova tion opportunities mad e possible by each o n e.
Imitate, hut Better
When a n oth er firm inn ova tes successfully, it in effect publi shes t h e l oca tion of a gold mine. You ca n ex ploit this informati on by either co nsid e ring a lte rn at i ve so lution s th at could a ddress the sa me need or alternative needs that co uld be addressed with th e same solution. Ex hibit 3-9 sh ows exa mples of th e imitate-but-better approach. Here are so m e sources of opportunities for imitation :

• Media and marketing activities of other firms. Scan the media a nd monitor the acti vi­ ties of oth er firms by a tten ding trade sh ows a nd following patent filings, for example. Arti c ul a te the need a nd so lution assoc iated w ith a n y innovation that you identify. Generate a lternati ve ap proaches to meeting the need or alternative n eeds that can be a ddressed with the n ew approach.
• De-commoditize a commodity. Often , price compet iti on characterizes a product cate­ gory, a nd the offerings themselves a re littl e m ore th a n cotm11odities. Recall coffee before Starbucks or breat h mints before A ltoi ds. A situation like this creates an opportunity for innovation. To pursue this kind of innovati on, li st a ll of the inexpensive, undifferentiated produ cts or services in a category a nd then consider the possibili ty of deluxe versi ons.
EXHIBIT 3-9 Examples of t he imita te-bu t-better approach: Spin Bru sh , Sta r b ucks, Al to i ds.
• Drive an innovation "down market." Four entrepreneurs with a history in the toy and candy businesses invented the Crest SpinBrush in 1998. They believed that their com­ petitive advantage was in creating sma ll , cheap, battery-powered devices, as they had done with the Spin Pop, a lollipop spun by a little motor. They were struck by the array of electric toothbrushes, many se lling for about $100, yet none having much more complexity than their spinning lollipops. They decided to "create an electric tooth­ brush that can sell for six dollars." Their SpinBrush became the best selling toothbrush of any type. To follow their example, list the premium products or services in a cate­ gory and then imagine much cheaper versions that provide many of the same benefits.
• Import geographically isolated iunovations. Innovations are often geographically isolated, particularly if introduced by smaller firms. Translating the innovation from one geographic region to anot he r can be a source of innovation. The Red Bull energy drink started as a product for Thai truck drivers. Starbucks founder Howard Schultz created the chain after visiting Milan and becoming infatuated with its cafe cu lture and espresso-based drinks.

Mine Your Sources
Recall that abou t half of product opportunities arise from sources inside an organization and about half come from outside sources. As a result, you benefit from cultivating exter­ nal sources of ideas. Those sources include the following:

• Lead users. Firms have amp l e incentive to innovate. Innovation, after al l, can result in new sources of cash. But lead users and independent inventors may have even greater incentives. Lead users are people or firms that have advanced needs that may not be met by existing products or services. Lead users must either tolerate their unmet needs or innovate themselves to address them. Many devices and procedures in health care were invented by clinic ians. For examp l e, consider Dr. Lillian Aronson, a veterinarian at the University of Pennsylvania who performs feline liver transplants. Her procedure is rela­ tively new, the market is small, and few ex i sting surgical tools fit the task. Dr. Aronson thus has to choose between ill-suited
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แสดงระบบจัดส่ง T utrien 3-7 สวมใส่ในระหว่างการทดสอบโดยนักประดิษฐ์ แมท kressy
( สารอาหารกระเป๋า , ท่อ , และวาลได้ข้างขวาของเขา )




ตามรายชื่อ
ความรักส่วนตัวของคุณ passions - ความพยายามที่ทำให้เธอตื่นด้วยความตื่นเต้น แล้วพิจารณาว่าเทคโนโลยีใหม่แนวโน้มและรูปแบบธุรกิจที่อาจมีอิทธิพลต่อ พวกเขาอง tify ความต้องการ unmet หรือเอกลักษณ์ที่คุณได้เชื่อมโยงกับความสนใจส่วนตัว นักขี่จักรยานสองล้อที่เรารู้มักมาก ได้พัฒนาระบบการจัดส่งสารอาหารเพื่อใช้กับเป้ชุ่มชื้นที่มีอยู่ ( ตัวอย่างเช่น ถุง ) ซึ่งมีโปรแกรมสำหรับทหารและความหลากหลายของกีฬา ( จัดแสดง 3-7 )เขาระบุโอกาส whi L E สะท้อนองไอเอ็นจีในความปรารถนาของเขาที่จะปรับปริมาณของน้ำตาลและเกลือแร่ในเครื่องดื่มของเขา hydration pack


รวบรวมรายชื่อแมลงประสบความสำเร็จนักประดิษฐ์มักจะเรื้อรัง ไม่พอใจกับโลกรอบตัวพวกเขา พวกเขาสังเกตเห็นความต้องการ unmet ของผู้ใช้ รวมถึงตัวเองรายชื่อ ( หรือภาพ ) ทุก nnoyance หรือเสียงที่คุณพบในช่วงเวลาของวันหรือสัปดาห์ และจากนั้น เลือกมากองเกลือ และยามคนที่ฝันถึง โซลูชั่น มีปัญหาเป็นโอกาส
รบกวนที่ให้กำเนิดโอกาสไม่ต้องเป็นของเธอคนเดียว ในสองแทน คุณ t migh หาจากการร้องเรียนของลูกค้า หรือการวิจัยตลาดวิธีที่มีประสิทธิภาพในการเข้าใจผู้อื่นเป็น annoyances แช่ตัวเองในโลกของผู้ที่ใช้ผลิตภัณฑ์หรือบริการของคุณ ดึงโอกาสจากความสามารถ


ทฤษฎีความได้เปรียบเชิงแข่งขันมาก แต่ส่วนใหญ่สปริงจากความคิดที่ บริษัท ให้บรรลุข้างต้นเฉลี่ยผลกำไรโดยการใช้ประโยชน์ทรัพยากรที่ไม่ซ้ำกัน ทรัพยากร , ร่ม

เทอม , รวมถึงความสามารถหลักสมรรถนะและความได้เปรียบในการแข่งขัน ให้ประโยชน์ , เป็นทรัพยากรที่ต้อง :

บริการคุณค่า จะมีค่า , ทรัพยากรที่ต้องให้ บริษัท เพื่อให้บรรลุ formance มากขึ้นต่อ - กว่าคู่แข่งหรือลดจุดอ่อนเมื่อเทียบกับคู่แข่ง
- หายาก ได้รับการแข่งขันที่เป็นทรัพยากรที่มีคุณค่า คงหายาก เลียนแบบ
- . สำหรับมูลค่าและหายากที่จะคงอยู่ ทรัพยากรจะต้องไม่ลอกเลียนแบบได้ง่าย .
บริการ nonsubstitutable . แม้ว่า มีคุณค่า หายาก และ เลิศล้ำ เป็นทรัพยากรที่ให้แอดอง
วันไม่ได้ง่ายแทน

มุมนี้ย่อเป็น vrin , สามารถใช้ในการกำหนดเป้าหมาย โดยก่อน articu อง lating สินค้าคงคลังของทรัพยากรและการใช้วัสดุที่เป็นเลนส์รุ่นโอกาส .
ทรัพยากร , แอปเปิ้ลคอมพิวเตอร์ vrin ตัวอย่างเช่นอาจรวมถึงความเป็นเลิศในการออกแบบอุตสาหกรรม แบรนด์ชั้นนำ และฐานลูกค้าที่ภักดี แต่ละแหล่งข้อมูลเหล่านี้สามารถแนะนำโอกาสสร้างโดยกระบวนการ reformulating พวกเขาเป็นความท้าทาย ตัวอย่าง : ในสิ่งที่ประเภทของผลิตภัณฑ์อื่น ๆอาจจะสร้างประโยชน์ด้านการออกแบบของแอปเปิ้ล ? ซึ่งผลิตภัณฑ์หรือประเภทเซอร์วิสแบรนด์แอปเปิ้ลจะใช้งานเพื่อประโยชน์สิ่งที่ผลิตภัณฑ์หรือบริการที่สามารถแอปเปิ้ลให้กับฐานลูกค้าของ


โอกาสศึกษา ลูกค้าสามารถระบุได้โดยเรียนลูกค้าในการเลือกส่วนตลาด . การศึกษาเหล่านี้ ( เรียกว่ามานุษยวิทยา ชาติพันธุ์วิทยา ผู้บริโภคหรือผู้ใช้ ) ให้ความต้องการความเข้าใจที่ลึกของลูกค้าจริงมากกว่าที่คุณสามารถได้รับผ่านการสำรวจ .
พิจารณาอุตสาหกรรมจักรยาน Shimano ,
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ภาษาอื่น ๆ
การสนับสนุนเครื่องมือแปลภาษา: กรีก, กันนาดา, กาลิเชียน, คลิงออน, คอร์สิกา, คาซัค, คาตาลัน, คินยารวันดา, คีร์กิซ, คุชราต, จอร์เจีย, จีน, จีนดั้งเดิม, ชวา, ชิเชวา, ซามัว, ซีบัวโน, ซุนดา, ซูลู, ญี่ปุ่น, ดัตช์, ตรวจหาภาษา, ตุรกี, ทมิฬ, ทาจิก, ทาทาร์, นอร์เวย์, บอสเนีย, บัลแกเรีย, บาสก์, ปัญจาป, ฝรั่งเศส, พาชตู, ฟริเชียน, ฟินแลนด์, ฟิลิปปินส์, ภาษาอินโดนีเซี, มองโกเลีย, มัลทีส, มาซีโดเนีย, มาราฐี, มาลากาซี, มาลายาลัม, มาเลย์, ม้ง, ยิดดิช, ยูเครน, รัสเซีย, ละติน, ลักเซมเบิร์ก, ลัตเวีย, ลาว, ลิทัวเนีย, สวาฮิลี, สวีเดน, สิงหล, สินธี, สเปน, สโลวัก, สโลวีเนีย, อังกฤษ, อัมฮาริก, อาร์เซอร์ไบจัน, อาร์เมเนีย, อาหรับ, อิกโบ, อิตาลี, อุยกูร์, อุสเบกิสถาน, อูรดู, ฮังการี, ฮัวซา, ฮาวาย, ฮินดี, ฮีบรู, เกลิกสกอต, เกาหลี, เขมร, เคิร์ด, เช็ก, เซอร์เบียน, เซโซโท, เดนมาร์ก, เตลูกู, เติร์กเมน, เนปาล, เบงกอล, เบลารุส, เปอร์เซีย, เมารี, เมียนมา (พม่า), เยอรมัน, เวลส์, เวียดนาม, เอสเปอแรนโต, เอสโทเนีย, เฮติครีโอล, แอฟริกา, แอลเบเนีย, โคซา, โครเอเชีย, โชนา, โซมาลี, โปรตุเกส, โปแลนด์, โยรูบา, โรมาเนีย, โอเดีย (โอริยา), ไทย, ไอซ์แลนด์, ไอร์แลนด์, การแปลภาษา.

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