Antecedents and consequences
Walker & Avant10 describes antecedents as events or situations that must occur prior to the concept. Suffering and despair brought by HF are considered antecedents of hope in this disease condition. The disease is chronic and can be debilitating. The HF illness trajectory can be unpredictable. Symptoms can range from mild to severe causing decreased functional capacity that can cause undue suffering and despair to someone with the disease.
Consequences are the events that can happen if hope occurs.
The ability to achieve goals is the ultimate indicator of success in adults with HF.32 Goals in HF include being able to cope, and experiencing life satisfaction despite the limitations brought by the illness. These are the positive consequences of hope in HF.