2. Materials and methods
2.1. Chemicals
All the solvents and reagents used in the study were of analytical
grade and used without any further purification. Ultrapure
water was used for dilutions and extractions. Catechin, rutin,
quercetin, gallic acid, trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-
2-carboxylic acid), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2-deoxy-Dribose,
Na2EDTA, ethidium bromide, sodium dodecyl sulphate and
agarose were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company
(USA). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, aluminium chloride and acids and
bases were purchased from Chemical Systems Company. Trichloroacetic
acid, nitroblue tetrazolium, phenazine methosulphate,
sodium nitroprusside, phosphate buffer saline and sulphanilamide,
N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride was obtained
from Fisher Scientific Company (UK). MTT bromide was purchased
from Merck Company (Germany).
2.2. Tea samples and preparation
White tea (Silver needle, KWF Food Industries, China), was purchased
from the local market. Tea infusion was prepared by placing
2 g of tea leaves in 100 ml of distilled water at boiling temperature
(100 _C) and brewing for 5 min. The sample (Silver needle white
tea infusion) was filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1
and the water extracts were freeze–dried. The concentrated extract
was diluted appropriately with distilled water according to each
specific assay and stored at _20 _C until further analysis.
2.3. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of tea extracts
The total phenolic content (TPC) of the different tea extracts
was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay (Singleton & Rossi,
1965) with some modifications. The volumes were scaled down
to accommodate microtiter plate volumes. Briefly, 10 ll of tea
sample was added to the well of the plate, followed by 500 ll of
Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and mixed. After 5 min, 350 ll of 10% Na2-
CO3 was added. After gentle mixing, the samples were left in the
dark for 2 h at room temperature. The absorbance was then read
at 765 nm against the reagent blank containing water instead of
sample. For estimating the TPC values, standard concentrations
of gallic acid were used to construct a calibration curve
(absorbance vs. lg/ml gallic acid). Catechin was used as control.
The values for TPC are expressed in mg gallic acid equivalents
(GAE) per g dried sample (dry weight, dw).
The total flavonoid content (TFC) was evaluated by the protocol
of Chang, Yang, Wen, and Chern (2002). Briefly, 10 ll of 5% sodium
nitrate (NaNO3) was added to 100 ll of the original stock solution
(1 mg/ml) of the samples. The mixture was incubated in the dark
for 5 min. A 10 ll volume of aluminium chloride (AlCl3, 10%) was
added to the mixture and incubated for a further 5 min in the dark.
A 100 ll of NaOH, 1 M, was added to the resulting mixture
followed by addition of 30 ll of distilled water. The absorbance
was read at 510 nm. The total flavonoid content of the sample
was expressed in milligram quercetin equivalents (per g dried
weight). All analyses were carried out in triplicate.
2.4. Antioxidant activities of the white tea extract (WTE)
2.4.1. Ferric reducing antioxidant power
The FRAP assay measures the reducing potential of antioxidants
by reaction with the ferric tripyridyltriazine (Fe3+–TPTZ) complex,
producing a blue colour from the ferrous form that can be detected
by absorbance at 593 nm. Antioxidant compounds that act as
reducing agents exert their effect by donating a hydrogen atom
to the ferric complex, thus breaking the radical chain reaction.
The Fe3+ reducing power (FRAP) of the extract was determined
by the method of Benzie and Strain (1996) with slight modifications.
The volumes were scaled down to accommodate microtiter
plate volumes. The FRAP reagent was prepared by mixing 10 ml
of 300 mM acetate buffer with 1 ml of 10 mM TPTZ (2,4,6 tripyridyl-
S-triazine) in 40 mM of HCl and 1 ml of 20 mM of FeCl3.6H2O.
Then 3 ll of tea extract, standard or positive control and 9 ll of
water were added to 90 ll of FRAP reagent. Absorbance readings
were measured instantly upon addition of the FRAP reagent at
593 nm every 10 s for 4 min. The ferric reducing activity was determined
by plotting a standard curve of FeSO4.7H2O (0–1000 lmol/
l). Results were expressed as mmol ferric reducing activity of the
extracts per g of dried extract.
2.4.2. DPPH radical scavenging activity
Antioxidant activities of the white tea extracts (WTE) were estimated
by measuring their scavenging capacity against the DPPH
radical (Gerhauser et al., 2003). Tea extract (20 ll) was added to
120 ll of a 0.004% MeOH solution of DPPH. Trolox (6-hydroxy-
2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) was used as standard.
Absorbance at 517 nm was determined after 30 min incubation
in dark at room temperature, and the percentage of inhibition
was calculated as [(A0 – A1)/A0] _ 100, where A0 is the absorbance
of the control (dH2O), and A1 is the absorbance of the samples. A
graph of the DPPH radical scavenged (%) vs. concentration of sample
was plotted. The IC50 value denotes the effective concentration
of sample used to reduce 50% of available DPPH radicals. In the
DPPH radical scavenging assay, the deep violet colour of DPPH is
reduced to a light yellow colour due to the abstraction of hydrogen
atoms from the antioxidant compound (Molyneux, 2003).
2.4.3. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity
The effect of hydroxyl radicals was estimated by using the 2-
deoxy-D-ribose oxidation method according to the modified
method established by Halliwell and Gutteridge (1985). The hydroxyl
radical assay is based on the principle that H2O2 in the presence
of Fe+3–EDTA, at pH 7.4, generates free radicals which can be
measured by using deoxyribose.
The following reagents were mixed with 200 ll of sample solution
of various concentrations in the stated order: 200 ll of FeCl3
100 Mm, 200 ll of 1.25 mM H2O2, 200 ll of 2-deoxy D-ribose,
2.5 mM, and 200 ll of 100 mM vitamin C. The reaction mixture
was incubated at 37 _C for 1 h. Then, 100 ll of a 0.5% TBA
(thiobarbituric acid) diluted with NaOH (0.025 M) and 100 ll of a
2.8% TCA (trichloroacetic acid) were added and the mixtures were
placed into a temperature-controlled water bath at 100 _C for
30 min. This was followed by cooling in ice to room temperature,
and then absorbance at 532 nm was measured. All values were
determined in triplicate. The percentage of hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity was calculated using the following equation:
[(A0 – A1)/A0] _ 100, where A0 is the absorbance of the control
(dH2O), and A1 is the absorbance of the samples.
2.4.4. Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity
Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity was determined according
to the method described by Sreejayan and Rao (1997). For the
estimation, 50 ll of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 5 mM) was added
to 50 ll of various concentrations of the samples. Mixtures were
incubated under visible polychromatic light for 1 h, and then
100 ll of Griess reagent was added to the mixtures and incubated
for a further 5 min and the absorbance measured at 532 nm. Trolox
was used as the standard. To prepare Griess reagent an equal
amount of SA (1% sulphanilamide, 5% H3PO4) and NED (0.1%
N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NED)) were
mixed. The nitric oxide scavenged (%) was calculated using following
formula:
Nitric oxide radical scavenged; % ผ ฝ๐A0 _ A1=A0_ _ 100;
where A0 is the absorbance of the control (dH2O), and A1 is the
absorbance of the extract/standard. A graph of nitric oxide radical
scavenged (%) vs. concentration of sample was plotted.
2.4.5. Superoxide anion radical scavenging activity
The superoxide anion radical scavenging activity of the sample
was investigated by the method of Liu, Ooi, and Chang (1997). In
this estimation, 50 ll of NADH (468 lM), 50 ll NBT (150 lM)
and 50 ll phenazine methasulphate (PMS, 60 lM) were added to
the various concentrations of the samples. All the above reagents
were diluted in PBS (pH 7.4). The mixtures were incubated for
15 min in the dark and the absorbance measured at 560 nm. Trolox
was used as standard and catechin was used as positive control.
The superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity was calculated
using the following equation:
Superoxide anions scavenging activity % ผ ฝ๐A0 _ A1=A0_ _ 100;
where A0 is the absorbance of the control (dH2O), and A1 is the
absorbance of the extract/standard.
2.5. Cell culture
Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29), human dermal
fibroblasts-adult (HDF-a) and mouse fibroblasts (3T3-L1) were
used in this study. HT-29 and 3T3-L1 cells were purchased from
the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA). HT-29 (ATCC_
HTB-38™) cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 (Sigma, UK) and
3T3-L1 cells (ATCC_ CL-173™) were grown in DMEM (Lonza,
USA). HDF-a was purchased from ScienCell Research Laboratories,
USA. HDF-a cells were routinely cultured in fibroblast growth
medium (ScienCell Research Laboratories, CA, USA).
The cells were supplemented with 5 or 10% foetal bovine serum
(FBS), 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 lg/ml streptomycin (iDNA,
South America). Cells were grown at 37 _C in a humidified
incubator with 5% CO2.
2.6. In vitro anti-proliferative effects of WTE
The inhibitory effect of WTE on the proliferation of the colorectal
adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29, was determined by using the
MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)
assay (Mosmann, 1983). A normal adult human fibroblast
line, HDF-a, was used as a control to identify any cytotoxic effect
of the extracts.
In brief, cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 5000 cells/well
and allowed to attach overnight. Media was changed and the cells
were treated with various concentrations of the extract (0–500 lg/
ml) incubated for an additional 48 h. After 48 h, 20 mM of MTT
solution (5 mg/ml MTT bromide in PBS) was added to each well
and incubated for 4 h at 37 _C. The supernatant was aspirated
and the MTT-formazan crystals fo
2. วัสดุและวิธีการ2.1. เคมีภัณฑ์มีการวิเคราะห์หรือสารทำละลายและ reagents ที่ใช้ในการศึกษาทั้งหมดเกรด และใช้โดยไม่ต้องฟอกใด ๆ เพิ่มเติม Ultrapureใช้น้ำสกัดและ dilutions สารสกัดจาก rutinquercetin กรด gallic, trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8 - tetramethylchroman -2 carboxylic กรด), 2,2-ฟีนิลได-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2-deoxy-DriboseNa2EDTA โบรไมด์ ethidium โซเดียมซัลเฟต dodecyl และซื้อจาก บริษัทเคมี Aldrich ซิก agarose(สหรัฐอเมริกา) รีเอเจนต์ Folin – Ciocalteu อะลูมิเนียมคลอไรด์ และกรด และฐานกำลังซื้อจาก บริษัทระบบเคมี Trichloroacetictetrazolium กรด nitroblue, phenazine methosulphateโซเดียม nitroprusside น้ำเกลือฟอสเฟตบัฟเฟอร์ และ sulphanilamideN-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride กล่าวจาก Fisher วิทยาศาสตร์บริษัท (UK) MTT โบรไมด์ถูกซื้อจาก บริษัทเมอร์ค (ประเทศเยอรมนี)2.2 การตัวอย่างชาและการเตรียมร้านชาขาว (ซิลเวอร์เข็ม KWF อุตสาหกรรมอาหาร จีน),จากตลาดท้องถิ่น ชาคอนกรีตเตรียมไว้ด้วยใบชา 2 กรัมใน 100 ml ของน้ำกลั่นที่อุณหภูมิเดือด(100 _C) และทำการหมักใน 5 นาที ตัวอย่าง (ขาวเข็มเงินชาคอนกรีต) ที่กรองโดยใช้กระดาษกรอง Whatman No. 1และสารสกัดจากน้ำถูกแช่แข็งแห้ง สารสกัดเข้มข้นถูกทำให้เหมาะสมกับน้ำกลั่นตามแต่ละการวิเคราะห์ และเก็บไว้ที่ _20 _C จนวิเคราะห์ต่อไป2.3. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of tea extractsThe total phenolic content (TPC) of the different tea extractswas measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay (Singleton & Rossi,1965) with some modifications. The volumes were scaled downto accommodate microtiter plate volumes. Briefly, 10 ll of teasample was added to the well of the plate, followed by 500 ll ofFolin–Ciocalteu reagent and mixed. After 5 min, 350 ll of 10% Na2-CO3 was added. After gentle mixing, the samples were left in thedark for 2 h at room temperature. The absorbance was then readat 765 nm against the reagent blank containing water instead ofsample. For estimating the TPC values, standard concentrationsof gallic acid were used to construct a calibration curve(absorbance vs. lg/ml gallic acid). Catechin was used as control.The values for TPC are expressed in mg gallic acid equivalents(GAE) per g dried sample (dry weight, dw).The total flavonoid content (TFC) was evaluated by the protocolof Chang, Yang, Wen, and Chern (2002). Briefly, 10 ll of 5% sodiumnitrate (NaNO3) was added to 100 ll of the original stock solution(1 mg/ml) of the samples. The mixture was incubated in the darkfor 5 min. A 10 ll volume of aluminium chloride (AlCl3, 10%) wasadded to the mixture and incubated for a further 5 min in the dark.A 100 ll of NaOH, 1 M, was added to the resulting mixturefollowed by addition of 30 ll of distilled water. The absorbanceถูกอ่านที่ 510 nm Flavonoid ที่รวมเนื้อหาของตัวอย่างได้แสดงในเทียบเท่า quercetin milligram (ต่อกรัมแห้งน้ำหนัก) วิเคราะห์ทั้งหมดถูกดำเนินใน triplicate2.4 การกิจกรรมต้านอนุมูลอิสระของชาขาวสกัด (WTE)2.4.1. เฟอร์ลดอนุมูลอิสระทดสอบ FRAP วัดศักยภาพของสารต้านอนุมูลอิสระลดลงโดยปฏิกิริยากับ tripyridyltriazine เฟอร์ (Fe3 + -TPTZ) ซับซ้อนผลิตสีน้ำเงินจากแบบเหล็กที่สามารถตรวจพบโดย absorbance ที่ 593 nm สารต้านอนุมูลอิสระที่ทำหน้าที่เป็นตัวแทนลดลงแรงผลที่เกิดขึ้น โดยการบริจาคเป็นอะตอมไฮโดรเจนการซับซ้อนเฟอร์ จึงทำลายปฏิกิริยาลูกโซ่รุนแรงFe3 + ลดลงอำนาจ (FRAP) ของสารสกัดได้กำหนดโดยวิธีการ Benzie และต้องใช้ (1996) มีปรับเปลี่ยนเล็กน้อยไดรฟ์ข้อมูลถูกปรับลงเพื่อรองรับ microtiterแผ่นไดรฟ์ข้อมูล รีเอเจนต์ FRAP ถูกเตรียม โดยผสม 10 mlบัฟเฟอร์ acetate 300 มม.มี 1 ml 10 มม. TPTZ (2,4,6 tripyridyl-S-triazine) ใน HCl และ 1 ml ของของ FeCl3.6H2O 20 มม. 40 มม.3 แล้วจะชาแยก ควบคุมมาตรฐาน หรือค่าบวกและ 9 จะของเพิ่มน้ำให้จะของรีเอเจนต์ FRAP อ่าน absorbanceมีวัดทันทีเมื่อมีการเพิ่มของรีเอเจนต์ FRAP ที่593 nm ทุก 10 s สำหรับ 4 min กำหนดกิจกรรมลดลงเฟอร์โดยพล็อตเส้นโค้งมาตรฐานของ FeSO4.7H2O (0-1000 lmol / l) มีแสดงผลเป็น mmol เฟอร์ลดกิจกรรมของการextracts per g of dried extract.2.4.2. DPPH radical scavenging activityAntioxidant activities of the white tea extracts (WTE) were estimatedby measuring their scavenging capacity against the DPPHradical (Gerhauser et al., 2003). Tea extract (20 ll) was added to120 ll of a 0.004% MeOH solution of DPPH. Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) was used as standard.Absorbance at 517 nm was determined after 30 min incubationin dark at room temperature, and the percentage of inhibitionwas calculated as [(A0 – A1)/A0] _ 100, where A0 is the absorbanceof the control (dH2O), and A1 is the absorbance of the samples. Agraph of the DPPH radical scavenged (%) vs. concentration of samplewas plotted. The IC50 value denotes the effective concentrationof sample used to reduce 50% of available DPPH radicals. In theDPPH radical scavenging assay, the deep violet colour of DPPH isreduced to a light yellow colour due to the abstraction of hydrogenatoms from the antioxidant compound (Molyneux, 2003).2.4.3. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activityThe effect of hydroxyl radicals was estimated by using the 2-deoxy-D-ribose oxidation method according to the modifiedmethod established by Halliwell and Gutteridge (1985). The hydroxylradical assay is based on the principle that H2O2 in the presenceof Fe+3–EDTA, at pH 7.4, generates free radicals which can bemeasured by using deoxyribose.The following reagents were mixed with 200 ll of sample solutionof various concentrations in the stated order: 200 ll of FeCl3100 Mm, 200 ll of 1.25 mM H2O2, 200 ll of 2-deoxy D-ribose,2.5 mM, and 200 ll of 100 mM vitamin C. The reaction mixturewas incubated at 37 _C for 1 h. Then, 100 ll of a 0.5% TBA(thiobarbituric acid) diluted with NaOH (0.025 M) and 100 ll of a2.8% TCA (trichloroacetic acid) were added and the mixtures wereplaced into a temperature-controlled water bath at 100 _C for30 min. This was followed by cooling in ice to room temperature,and then absorbance at 532 nm was measured. All values weredetermined in triplicate. The percentage of hydroxyl radicalscavenging activity was calculated using the following equation:[(A0 – A1)/A0] _ 100, where A0 is the absorbance of the control(dH2O), and A1 is the absorbance of the samples.2.4.4. Nitric oxide radical scavenging activityNitric oxide radical scavenging activity was determined accordingto the method described by Sreejayan and Rao (1997). For theestimation, 50 ll of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 5 mM) was addedto 50 ll of various concentrations of the samples. Mixtures wereincubated under visible polychromatic light for 1 h, and then100 ll of Griess reagent was added to the mixtures and incubatedfor a further 5 min and the absorbance measured at 532 nm. Troloxwas used as the standard. To prepare Griess reagent an equalamount of SA (1% sulphanilamide, 5% H3PO4) and NED (0.1%
N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NED)) were
mixed. The nitric oxide scavenged (%) was calculated using following
formula:
Nitric oxide radical scavenged; % ผ ฝ๐A0 _ A1=A0_ _ 100;
where A0 is the absorbance of the control (dH2O), and A1 is the
absorbance of the extract/standard. A graph of nitric oxide radical
scavenged (%) vs. concentration of sample was plotted.
2.4.5. Superoxide anion radical scavenging activity
The superoxide anion radical scavenging activity of the sample
was investigated by the method of Liu, Ooi, and Chang (1997). In
this estimation, 50 ll of NADH (468 lM), 50 ll NBT (150 lM)
and 50 ll phenazine methasulphate (PMS, 60 lM) were added to
the various concentrations of the samples. All the above reagents
were diluted in PBS (pH 7.4). The mixtures were incubated for
15 min in the dark and the absorbance measured at 560 nm. Trolox
was used as standard and catechin was used as positive control.
The superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity was calculated
using the following equation:
Superoxide anions scavenging activity % ผ ฝ๐A0 _ A1=A0_ _ 100;
where A0 is the absorbance of the control (dH2O), and A1 is the
absorbance of the extract/standard.
2.5. Cell culture
Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29), human dermal
fibroblasts-adult (HDF-a) and mouse fibroblasts (3T3-L1) were
used in this study. HT-29 and 3T3-L1 cells were purchased from
the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA). HT-29 (ATCC_
HTB-38™) cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 (Sigma, UK) and
3T3-L1 cells (ATCC_ CL-173™) were grown in DMEM (Lonza,
USA). HDF-a was purchased from ScienCell Research Laboratories,
USA. HDF-a cells were routinely cultured in fibroblast growth
medium (ScienCell Research Laboratories, CA, USA).
The cells were supplemented with 5 or 10% foetal bovine serum
(FBS), 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 lg/ml streptomycin (iDNA,
South America). Cells were grown at 37 _C in a humidified
incubator with 5% CO2.
2.6. In vitro anti-proliferative effects of WTE
The inhibitory effect of WTE on the proliferation of the colorectal
adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29, was determined by using the
MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)
assay (Mosmann, 1983). A normal adult human fibroblast
line, HDF-a, was used as a control to identify any cytotoxic effect
of the extracts.
In brief, cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 5000 cells/well
and allowed to attach overnight. Media was changed and the cells
were treated with various concentrations of the extract (0–500 lg/
ml) incubated for an additional 48 h. After 48 h, 20 mM of MTT
solution (5 mg/ml MTT bromide in PBS) was added to each well
and incubated for 4 h at 37 _C. The supernatant was aspirated
and the MTT-formazan crystals fo
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..

2. Materials and methods
2.1. Chemicals
All the solvents and reagents used in the study were of analytical
grade and used without any further purification. Ultrapure
water was used for dilutions and extractions. Catechin, rutin,
quercetin, gallic acid, trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-
2-carboxylic acid), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2-deoxy-Dribose,
Na2EDTA, ethidium bromide, sodium dodecyl sulphate and
agarose were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Company
(USA). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, aluminium chloride and acids and
bases were purchased from Chemical Systems Company. Trichloroacetic
acid, nitroblue tetrazolium, phenazine methosulphate,
sodium nitroprusside, phosphate buffer saline and sulphanilamide,
N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride was obtained
from Fisher Scientific Company (UK). MTT bromide was purchased
from Merck Company (Germany).
2.2. Tea samples and preparation
White tea (Silver needle, KWF Food Industries, China), was purchased
from the local market. Tea infusion was prepared by placing
2 g of tea leaves in 100 ml of distilled water at boiling temperature
(100 _C) and brewing for 5 min. The sample (Silver needle white
tea infusion) was filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1
and the water extracts were freeze–dried. The concentrated extract
was diluted appropriately with distilled water according to each
specific assay and stored at _20 _C until further analysis.
2.3. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of tea extracts
The total phenolic content (TPC) of the different tea extracts
was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay (Singleton & Rossi,
1965) with some modifications. The volumes were scaled down
to accommodate microtiter plate volumes. Briefly, 10 ll of tea
sample was added to the well of the plate, followed by 500 ll of
Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and mixed. After 5 min, 350 ll of 10% Na2-
CO3 was added. After gentle mixing, the samples were left in the
dark for 2 h at room temperature. The absorbance was then read
at 765 nm against the reagent blank containing water instead of
sample. For estimating the TPC values, standard concentrations
of gallic acid were used to construct a calibration curve
(absorbance vs. lg/ml gallic acid). Catechin was used as control.
The values for TPC are expressed in mg gallic acid equivalents
(GAE) per g dried sample (dry weight, dw).
The total flavonoid content (TFC) was evaluated by the protocol
of Chang, Yang, Wen, and Chern (2002). Briefly, 10 ll of 5% sodium
nitrate (NaNO3) was added to 100 ll of the original stock solution
(1 mg/ml) of the samples. The mixture was incubated in the dark
for 5 min. A 10 ll volume of aluminium chloride (AlCl3, 10%) was
added to the mixture and incubated for a further 5 min in the dark.
A 100 ll of NaOH, 1 M, was added to the resulting mixture
followed by addition of 30 ll of distilled water. The absorbance
was read at 510 nm. The total flavonoid content of the sample
was expressed in milligram quercetin equivalents (per g dried
weight). All analyses were carried out in triplicate.
2.4. Antioxidant activities of the white tea extract (WTE)
2.4.1. Ferric reducing antioxidant power
The FRAP assay measures the reducing potential of antioxidants
by reaction with the ferric tripyridyltriazine (Fe3+–TPTZ) complex,
producing a blue colour from the ferrous form that can be detected
by absorbance at 593 nm. Antioxidant compounds that act as
reducing agents exert their effect by donating a hydrogen atom
to the ferric complex, thus breaking the radical chain reaction.
The Fe3+ reducing power (FRAP) of the extract was determined
by the method of Benzie and Strain (1996) with slight modifications.
The volumes were scaled down to accommodate microtiter
plate volumes. The FRAP reagent was prepared by mixing 10 ml
of 300 mM acetate buffer with 1 ml of 10 mM TPTZ (2,4,6 tripyridyl-
S-triazine) in 40 mM of HCl and 1 ml of 20 mM of FeCl3.6H2O.
Then 3 ll of tea extract, standard or positive control and 9 ll of
water were added to 90 ll of FRAP reagent. Absorbance readings
were measured instantly upon addition of the FRAP reagent at
593 nm every 10 s for 4 min. The ferric reducing activity was determined
by plotting a standard curve of FeSO4.7H2O (0–1000 lmol/
l). Results were expressed as mmol ferric reducing activity of the
extracts per g of dried extract.
2.4.2. DPPH radical scavenging activity
Antioxidant activities of the white tea extracts (WTE) were estimated
by measuring their scavenging capacity against the DPPH
radical (Gerhauser et al., 2003). Tea extract (20 ll) was added to
120 ll of a 0.004% MeOH solution of DPPH. Trolox (6-hydroxy-
2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) was used as standard.
Absorbance at 517 nm was determined after 30 min incubation
in dark at room temperature, and the percentage of inhibition
was calculated as [(A0 – A1)/A0] _ 100, where A0 is the absorbance
of the control (dH2O), and A1 is the absorbance of the samples. A
graph of the DPPH radical scavenged (%) vs. concentration of sample
was plotted. The IC50 value denotes the effective concentration
of sample used to reduce 50% of available DPPH radicals. In the
DPPH radical scavenging assay, the deep violet colour of DPPH is
reduced to a light yellow colour due to the abstraction of hydrogen
atoms from the antioxidant compound (Molyneux, 2003).
2.4.3. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity
The effect of hydroxyl radicals was estimated by using the 2-
deoxy-D-ribose oxidation method according to the modified
method established by Halliwell and Gutteridge (1985). The hydroxyl
radical assay is based on the principle that H2O2 in the presence
of Fe+3–EDTA, at pH 7.4, generates free radicals which can be
measured by using deoxyribose.
The following reagents were mixed with 200 ll of sample solution
of various concentrations in the stated order: 200 ll of FeCl3
100 Mm, 200 ll of 1.25 mM H2O2, 200 ll of 2-deoxy D-ribose,
2.5 mM, and 200 ll of 100 mM vitamin C. The reaction mixture
was incubated at 37 _C for 1 h. Then, 100 ll of a 0.5% TBA
(thiobarbituric acid) diluted with NaOH (0.025 M) and 100 ll of a
2.8% TCA (trichloroacetic acid) were added and the mixtures were
placed into a temperature-controlled water bath at 100 _C for
30 min. This was followed by cooling in ice to room temperature,
and then absorbance at 532 nm was measured. All values were
determined in triplicate. The percentage of hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity was calculated using the following equation:
[(A0 – A1)/A0] _ 100, where A0 is the absorbance of the control
(dH2O), and A1 is the absorbance of the samples.
2.4.4. Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity
Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity was determined according
to the method described by Sreejayan and Rao (1997). For the
estimation, 50 ll of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 5 mM) was added
to 50 ll of various concentrations of the samples. Mixtures were
incubated under visible polychromatic light for 1 h, and then
100 ll of Griess reagent was added to the mixtures and incubated
for a further 5 min and the absorbance measured at 532 nm. Trolox
was used as the standard. To prepare Griess reagent an equal
amount of SA (1% sulphanilamide, 5% H3PO4) and NED (0.1%
N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NED)) were
mixed. The nitric oxide scavenged (%) was calculated using following
formula:
Nitric oxide radical scavenged; % ผ ฝ๐A0 _ A1=A0_ _ 100;
where A0 is the absorbance of the control (dH2O), and A1 is the
absorbance of the extract/standard. A graph of nitric oxide radical
scavenged (%) vs. concentration of sample was plotted.
2.4.5. Superoxide anion radical scavenging activity
The superoxide anion radical scavenging activity of the sample
was investigated by the method of Liu, Ooi, and Chang (1997). In
this estimation, 50 ll of NADH (468 lM), 50 ll NBT (150 lM)
and 50 ll phenazine methasulphate (PMS, 60 lM) were added to
the various concentrations of the samples. All the above reagents
were diluted in PBS (pH 7.4). The mixtures were incubated for
15 min in the dark and the absorbance measured at 560 nm. Trolox
was used as standard and catechin was used as positive control.
The superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity was calculated
using the following equation:
Superoxide anions scavenging activity % ผ ฝ๐A0 _ A1=A0_ _ 100;
where A0 is the absorbance of the control (dH2O), and A1 is the
absorbance of the extract/standard.
2.5. Cell culture
Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29), human dermal
fibroblasts-adult (HDF-a) and mouse fibroblasts (3T3-L1) were
used in this study. HT-29 and 3T3-L1 cells were purchased from
the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA). HT-29 (ATCC_
HTB-38™) cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 (Sigma, UK) and
3T3-L1 cells (ATCC_ CL-173™) were grown in DMEM (Lonza,
USA). HDF-a was purchased from ScienCell Research Laboratories,
USA. HDF-a cells were routinely cultured in fibroblast growth
medium (ScienCell Research Laboratories, CA, USA).
The cells were supplemented with 5 or 10% foetal bovine serum
(FBS), 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 lg/ml streptomycin (iDNA,
South America). Cells were grown at 37 _C in a humidified
incubator with 5% CO2.
2.6. In vitro anti-proliferative effects of WTE
The inhibitory effect of WTE on the proliferation of the colorectal
adenocarcinoma cell line, HT-29, was determined by using the
MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)
assay (Mosmann, 1983). A normal adult human fibroblast
line, HDF-a, was used as a control to identify any cytotoxic effect
of the extracts.
In brief, cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 5000 cells/well
and allowed to attach overnight. Media was changed and the cells
were treated with various concentrations of the extract (0–500 lg/
ml) incubated for an additional 48 h. After 48 h, 20 mM of MTT
solution (5 mg/ml MTT bromide in PBS) was added to each well
and incubated for 4 h at 37 _C. The supernatant was aspirated
and the MTT-formazan crystals fo
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2 . วัสดุและวิธีการ
2.1 . สารเคมี
ทั้งสารละลายและสารเคมีที่ใช้ในการวิจัย วิเคราะห์ และใช้บำบัดน้ำเสีย
เกรดโดยไม่ต้องเพิ่มเติมใด ๆ บริสุทธิ์มาก
น้ำใช้และวิธีการสกัด . Catechin , รูติน
, quercetin , ฝรั่งเศสกรด สาร ( 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman -
2-carboxylic acid ) , 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl 2-deoxy-dribose
na2edta คู่ , , , โบรไมด์ ,โซเดียมโดเดซิลซัลเฟตและ
( ซื้อจาก บริษัท เคมีซิกม่า Aldrich
( USA ) folin – ciocalteu เก็บสารอะลูมิเนียมคลอไรด์และกรดและ
ฐานซื้อจาก บริษัท ระบบทางเคมี กรดไตรคลอโรอะซิติก nitroblue tetrazolium
, ,
methosulphate phenazine , โซเดียมไนโตรปรัสไซด์เกลือฟอสเฟตบัฟเฟอร์ และ sulphanilamide
,- ( 1-naphthyl ) : ลลีนไดแอมได้
จาก บริษัท วิทยาศาสตร์ ฟิชเชอร์ ( สหราชอาณาจักร ) MTT โบรไมด์ถูกซื้อจาก บริษัท เมิร์ค ( เยอรมนี )
.
2.2 . ตัวอย่างชาและการเตรียม
ชาขาว ( เข็มเงิน kwf อุตสาหกรรมอาหาร , จีน ) , ซื้อ
จากตลาดท้องถิ่น แช่ชาเตรียมวาง
2 กรัมของใบชาใน 100 มิลลิลิตรของน้ำที่อุณหภูมิเดือด
( 100 _c ) และต้มเป็นเวลา 5 นาที ตัวอย่าง ( เข็มเงิน ) ชาขาว
) ถูกกรองผ่านกระดาษกรอง เบอร์ 1 whatman
และสารสกัดน้ำถูกแช่แข็งและอบแห้ง สกัดเข้มข้นเจือจางด้วยน้ำกลั่น (
) ตามแต่ละที่เฉพาะเจาะจงและเก็บไว้ที่ _20 _c จนถึงการวิเคราะห์เพิ่มเติม .
2.3 สารฟลาโวนอยด์และปริมาณรวมสารสกัดชา
ปริมาณฟีนอลิกทั้งหมด ( TPC ) ของ
สารสกัดจากชาที่แตกต่างกันถูกวัดโดยใช้ folin – ciocalteu assay ( ฌอน แอสติน&รอสซี่
1965 ) ที่มีการปรับเปลี่ยน ปริมาณถูกลดขนาดลง
เพื่อรองรับปริมาณไมโครเพลท สั้น , ตัวอย่างชา
10 จะถูกเพิ่มเข้าไปในจาน ตามด้วย 500 จะ
folin – ciocalteu สารเคมีผสม หลังจาก 5 นาที , 350 จะ 10 % N -
co3 ถูกเพิ่มเข้ามา หลังจากอ่อนโยนผสม ตัวอย่างที่ถูกทิ้งไว้ในที่มืด
2 ชั่วโมงที่อุณหภูมิห้อง นได้อ่าน
ที่ 765 nm กับสารเคมี เปล่าประกอบด้วยน้ำแทน
ตัวอย่าง การประมาณค่าเอฟที มาตรฐานความเข้มข้นของกรดแกลลิค
ถูกใช้เพื่อสร้างเป็นรูปโค้ง
( ค่าเทียบกับ LG / มิลลิลิตรเพิ่มขึ้น ) Catechin ใช้ควบคุม
ค่าสำหรับ TPC จะแสดงออกในมิลลิกรัมเพิ่มขึ้นเทียบเท่า
( เก ) / กรัม ( น้ำหนักแห้งตัวอย่างแห้ง , แห้ง ) .
ปริมาณฟลาโวนอยด์ ( TFC ) คือการประเมินโดยโปรโตคอล
ของชาง หยาง เหวิน และเชิญ ( 2002 ) สั้น ๆ , 10 จะได้ 5 % โซเดียมไนเตรท (
NaNO3 ) คือเพิ่ม 100 จะแก้ปัญหาหุ้นเดิม
( 1 mg / ml ) ของตัวอย่างที่ ส่วนผสมจะถูกเลี้ยงในที่มืด
5 นาที10 จะปริมาณของอลูมิเนียมคลอไรด์ ( alcl3 10% ) คือ
เพิ่มการผสมบ่มสำหรับอีก 5 นาทีในที่มืด
100 จะใช้ 1 M , เพิ่มผลผสม
ตามด้วยนอกเหนือจาก 30 จะกลั่นน้ำ น
คืออ่านที่ 510 nm . ปริมาณฟลาโวนอยด์ทั้งหมดของตัวอย่าง
ถูกแสดงในมิลลิกรัมเทียบเท่าเคอร์ ( / กรัมน้ำหนักแห้ง
)ทั้งหมดวิเคราะห์ทดลองทั้งสามใบ
2.4 . กิจกรรมต้านออกซิเดชันของสารสกัดชาขาว ( wte )
เครื่องมือกำจัดเพื่อย้าย . เฟอริคลดสารต้านอนุมูลอิสระพลังงานมาตรการลดใช้ Frap
ศักยภาพของสารต้านอนุมูลอิสระ
โดยปฏิกิริยากับ tripyridyltriazine เฟอร์ ( fe3 – tptz ) ซับซ้อน
การผลิตสีสีฟ้าจากเหล็กแบบที่สามารถตรวจพบได้โดยค่า
ที่ 593 nm .สารประกอบที่เป็นสารต้านอนุมูลอิสระช่วยลดผลกระทบของพวกเขาโดยตัวแทนออกแรง
บริจาคอะตอมไฮโดรเจนจะซับซ้อน เฟอริคจึงทำลายปฏิกิริยาลูกโซ่อนุมูลอิสระ .
fe3 ลดพลังงาน ( VDO ) สารสกัดตั้งใจ
โดยวิธีการของ benzie และความเครียด ( 1996 ) ที่มีการปรับเปลี่ยนเล็กน้อย ปริมาณ ถูกลดระดับลงมา
รองรับปริมาณไมโคร
จานใช้ Frap รีเอเจนต์ถูกเตรียมโดยผสม 10 ml
ของบัฟเฟอร์อะซิเตท 300 มม. 1 มิลลิลิตร tptz 10 มม. ( 2,4,6 tripyridyl -
คือ 40 มม. ) ใน HCl และ 1 มล. 20 มม. fecl3.6h2o .
3 จะสารสกัดจากชา , มาตรฐานหรือบวกการควบคุมและ 9 จะ
น้ำเพิ่ม 90 จะใช้ Frap . วัดค่าได้ทันทีเมื่ออ่าน
ส่วนของ VDO รีเอเจนต์ที่ 593 nm ทุก 10 วินาที 4 นาทีการลดกิจกรรมที่ถูกกำหนดโดยเฟอร์
พล็อตเส้นโค้งมาตรฐานของ feso4.7h2o ( 0 – 1000 lmol /
L ) ผลลัพธ์ที่ได้แสดงเป็นมิลลิโมลเฟอร์ลดกิจกรรมของสารสกัดแห้งต่อ G
.
2.4.2 . dpph เป็นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยากิจกรรม
ฤทธิ์ต้านออกซิเดชันของสารสกัดชาขาว ( wte ) โดยประเมินโดยการวัดความจุของการ
กับ dpph หัวรุนแรง ( gerhauser et al . ,2003 ) สารสกัดจากชา ( 20 จะเพิ่ม
120 จะของ 0.004 % ปริมาณสารละลาย dpph . สาร ( 6-hydroxy -
2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid ) ที่ใช้เป็นมาตรฐาน ค่าการดูดกลืนแสงที่ 517 nm ตั้งใจ
หลังจาก 30 นาทีระยะเวลาในที่มืดอุณหภูมิห้อง และร้อยละของการยับยั้งคำนวณเป็น [ (
A0 และ A1 ) / A0 ] _ 100 ซึ่งเป็นค่า A0
ของการควบคุม ( dh2o ) ,และ A1 มีการดูดกลืนแสงของตัวอย่าง a
กราฟของ dpph รุนแรงคือ ( % ) และความเข้มข้นของตัวอย่าง
คือวางแผน ค่าแสดงประสิทธิภาพของ ic50
ของกลุ่มตัวอย่างที่ใช้เพื่อลด 50% ของอนุมูล dpph ใช้ได้ ใน
dpph เป็นตัวเร่งปฏิกิริยาโดยลึกสีม่วงเป็นสี dpph
ลดลงเป็นสีเหลืองอ่อน เนื่องจากทางนามธรรมของไฮโดรเจน
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