According to Pavela (1978), appropriation is defined as “individual’s adaptation and reproduction of ideas,
words and statements belonging to someone else without mentioning reference as if they were his/her own ideas,
words and statements (cited. Aluede, Omoregie and Osa-Edoh, 2006); whereas cheating is only a kind of academic
dishonesty (cited. Carpenter et al. 2006:181)