The mechanism to combat the wormhole attack include,
DAWWSEN [13] , a proactive routing protocol based on the
construction of a hierarchical tree where the base station is the
root node, and the sensor nodes are the internal or the leaf nodes
of the tree. A great advantage of DAWWSEN is that it doesn‟t
require any geographical information about the sensor nodes, and
doesn‟t take the time stamp of the packet as an approach for
detecting a wormhole attack, which is very important for the
resource constrained nature of the sensor nodes