Introduction
Sustainable technologies promote the development of green techniques and products in order to live in clean and healthy environment. New effective waste recycling and recovery technologies are introduced. Our goal is to develop an effective and affordable complex-technology for recovery of fatty pollutants from meat, fish and oil processing enterprises. At the same time, it will reduce the quantity of biodegradable waste disposed in landfills.
Lipids (characterized as oils, greases, fats and fatty acids) are one of the most important components of natural foods and many synthetic compounds and emulsions. Further, lipids constitute one of the major types of organic matter found in municipal wastewater [1]. The amount of lipid-rich wastewater increases every year due to urbanization and the development of factories. The incidence of grease in different businesses is quite considerable. These applies, for example, in slaughterhouses, sausage and meet product factories, restaurants, and fish processing plants, industrial undertakings in which oils and fats are processed and barrel-washing plants [2; 3]. Suspended lipids can be readily removed from wastewater by physical methods. Nevertheless, chemically and/or physically stabilized lipid/water emulsions should be managed in an appropriate manner. This is necessary because lipids that pass through physic-chemical treatment processes contribute to the levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the effluents [4; 5; 6].
Many manufacturing, food processing and industrial facilities dispose of liquid waste into sewer lines. Liquid waste often contains grease and other organic contaminants which, over time, lead to clogs in pipes. The treatment of this problem is to clean pipes with caustic drain cleaners, mechanically rout the pipes or to replace the pipes completely. Even when grease-traps are included in a drainage system, the grease traps can form a permanent, solid grease layer over the top of the water which requires “pump-out” of the grease-trap [3; 7]. In other situations, liquid waste is disposed into septic tanks and drain-fields. High concentrations of FOG in the waste water can lead to grease build-up on rocks in the drain-field which eventually form a seal over the rocks preventing water flowing into the drain-field. The treatment of this problem requires out the drain-
field and replacing it with new materials [7].
Industrial and household fatty waste can be divided into two categories – "yellow" and "brown" fat. The first category fatty waste can be used for the secondary processing of animal feed additives, production of soaps, oils, cosmetics and skin care products. This type of waste can be composted either. The second type of fat is collected in fat catchers or generated as waste in other industrial processes, collected from pipes by mechanical. This fat is not recycled and must be handled according to the existing waste management requirements. Biodegradable organic waste of this origin can be incinerated, decayed or composted [8].
Thus biological treatment processes are commonly used to remove emulsified lipids from waste water and drain pipes. All biological methods could be grouped in two major classes: aerobic and anaerobic processes. During anaerobic treatment, fats are hydrolyzed to glycerol and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) followed by subsequent β-oxidation [9; 10; 11]. Fat hydrolysis is not the rate- limiting step of treatment; however, millimolar concentrations of long-chain fatty acids are capable of inhibiting the growth of numerous microorganisms. Consequently, the occurrence of LCFA presents a serious problem for anaerobic cleanup systems [10; 12]. During aerobic treatment grease are converting into harmless solids, CO2 and H2O. Moreover, LCFA are degraded by sequential removal of two-carbon atoms via the β-oxidation pathway, resulting in release of a fatty acid shorter by two carbons and acetyl-CoA, which is then subsequently oxidized to carbon dioxide by the tricarboxylic acid cycle [13].
JSC “Biocentras” suggest a very effective and innovative lipid-rich wastewater and pipelines clogged by lipids cleaning and composting of wastes rich in grease complex technology. Firstly, lipids from wastewater and from drain pipes surfaces are removing mechanically, and remaining lipids are treated with a culture of active microorganisms Enterobacter aerogenes E13 (a stem degrading lipids), Arthrobacter sp. N3 (the stem degrading aliphatic compounds) and Bacillus coagulans Š1 (the stem degrading complex peptide linkage). Item, this mixture of microorganisms could be using in grease traps and septic tanks, so it’s able to avoid repeated cleaning of theirs. Air pollution by compounds, emitting unpleasant odors is reduced by using microorganisms. Furthermore, microorganisms compose a lively biofilm and protect the clogging of drainpipe. Concentrated fatty waste obtained by mechanical removal, are com