1) their self-concept moves from one of being a dependent personality toward being a self-directed human being;
2) they accumulate a growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasingly rich resource for learning;
3) their readiness to learn becomes oriented increasingly to the developmental tasks of their social roles; and
4) their time perspective changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application, and accordingly, their orientation toward learning shifts from one of subject-centeredness to one of performance-centeredness.