The first scholars to formulate and apply the basic arguments of representative bureaucracy in the United States were David Levitan (1946) and Norton Long
(1952). Long adopted the most extreme stance, arguing that the national legislature, which was heavily tilted toward the upper strata of society, did not represent a variety of important national interests. Instead, “these interests receive more effective and more responsible representation through administrative channels” (1952, 808). Long’s claim was that the bureaucracy had more of a democratic character than the legislature because the ranks of the federal civil service were much more reflective of the American public. That diversity was reflected in administrative decisions, even as narrower interests dominated the decision making of Congress. The normative claim was that the bureaucracy actually made up for the representative deficiencies of the legislature.
The first scholars to formulate and apply the basic arguments of representative bureaucracy in the United States were David Levitan (1946) and Norton Long(1952). Long adopted the most extreme stance, arguing that the national legislature, which was heavily tilted toward the upper strata of society, did not represent a variety of important national interests. Instead, “these interests receive more effective and more responsible representation through administrative channels” (1952, 808). Long’s claim was that the bureaucracy had more of a democratic character than the legislature because the ranks of the federal civil service were much more reflective of the American public. That diversity was reflected in administrative decisions, even as narrower interests dominated the decision making of Congress. The normative claim was that the bureaucracy actually made up for the representative deficiencies of the legislature.
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