• Epidemiological (late HD initiation, insufficient substitution
of renal function and delayed re-establishment of renal
function)
• Technical (application of conventional HD, insufficiency of
continuous methods, membrane bioincompatibility, the use
of nonadsorptive membranes and the need for the use of
continuous heparin)
• Therapeutic (small populations and the diverse variation of
patients) (Bellomo & Ronco 1996)
The methods of renal function substitution used today are the
following:
• Continuous renal replacement therapies (continuous arteriovenous
blood filtration and continuous arteriovenous HD)
• Intermitted HD
• Haemofiltration of large volumes and peritoneal dialysis (PD)