Findings from this study also provide a foundation for future nursing research. First, future studies are needed that examine barriers to pain management in NH residents with dementia. Second, future studies are needed that explore the most effective nursing interventions for pain management in residents with dementia, and these studies should include phar- macological, as well as nonpharmacological, treatment proto cols. Finally, future studies are needed that examine how well nursing staff interact with residents, particularly those with dementia who cannot communicate their needs