History
The earliest known Christian festivals were attempts to celebrate Jewish holidays, especially Passover, according to the local calendar. Modern scholars refer to such holidays as "Quatrodecmials" because Passover is dated as 14 Nisan on the Jewish calendar. All the major events of the life of Jesus were celebrated in a single festival, including conception, birth, and passion. In Greek-speaking areas of the Roman Empire, the Macedonian calendar was used. In these areas, the Quartodecimal was celebrated on April 6. In Latin-speaking areas, the Quartodecimal was March 25. The significance of the Quartodecimal declined after 165, when Pope Soter moved celebration of the Resurrection to a Sunday, thereby creating Easter. This put celebration of the passion on Good Friday, and thus moved it away from the Quartodecimal.[50]
The Christian ecclesiastical calendar contains many remnants of pre-Christian festivals. Although the dating as December 25 predates pagan influence, the later development of Christmas as a festival includes elements of the Roman feast of the Saturnalia and the birthday of Mithra as described in the Roman cult of Mithraism.[51]
The Chronography of 354 AD contains early evidence of the celebration on December 25 of a Christian liturgical feast of the birth of Jesus. This was in Rome, while in Eastern Christianity the birth of Jesus was already celebrated in connection with the Epiphany on January 6.[52][53] The December 25 celebration was imported into the East later: in Antioch by John Chrysostom towards the end of the 4th century,[53] probably in 388, and in Alexandria only in the following century.[54] Even in the West, the January 6 celebration of the nativity of Jesus seems to have continued until after 380.[55] In 245, Origen of Alexandria, writing about Leviticus 12:1–8, commented that Scripture mentions only sinners as celebrating their birthdays, namely Pharaoh, who then had his chief baker hanged (Genesis 40:20–22), and Herod, who then had John the Baptist beheaded (Mark 6:21–27), and mentions saints as cursing the day of their birth, namely Jeremiah (Jeremiah 20:14–15) and Job (Job 3:1–16).[56] In 303, Arnobius ridiculed the idea of celebrating the birthdays of gods, a passage cited as evidence that Arnobius was unaware of any nativity celebration.[57] Since Christmas does not celebrate Christ's birth "as God" but "as man", this is not evidence against Christmas being a feast at this time.[8] The fact the Donatists of North Africa celebrated Christmas may indicate that the feast was established by the time that church was created in 311.[58][59]
Many popular customs associated with Christmas developed independently of the commemoration of Jesus' birth, with certain elements having origins in pre-Christian festivals that were celebrated around the winter solstice by pagan populations who were later converted to Christianity. These elements, including the Yule log from Yule and gift giving from Saturnalia,[60] became syncretized into Christmas over the centuries. The prevailing atmosphere of Christmas has also continually evolved since the holiday's inception, ranging from a sometimes raucous, drunken, carnival-like state in the Middle Ages,[61] to a tamer family-oriented and children-centered theme introduced in a 19th-century transformation.[62][63] Additionally, the celebration of Christmas was banned on more than one occasion within certain Protestant groups, such as the Puritans, due to concerns that it was too pagan or unbiblical.[64][65] Jehovah's Witnesses also reject the celebration of Christmas.
Relation to concurrent celebrations
Prior to and through the early Christian centuries, winter festivals—especially those centered on the winter solstice—were the most popular of the year in many European pagan cultures. Reasons included the fact that less agricultural work needed to be done during the winter, as well as an expectation of better weather as spring approached.[67] Many modern Christmas customs have been directly influenced by such festivals, including gift-giving and merrymaking from the Roman Saturnalia, greenery, lights, and charity from the Roman New Year, and Yule logs and various foods from Germanic feasts.[68] The Egyptian deity Horus, son to goddess Isis, was celebrated at the winter solstice. Horus was often depicted being fed by his mother, which also influenced the symbolism of the Virgin Mary with baby Christ.
The pre-Christian Germanic peoples—including the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse—celebrated a winter festival called Yule, held in the late December to early January period, yielding modern English 'yule, today used as a synonym for Christmas.[69] In Germanic language-speaking areas, numerous elements of modern Christmas folk custom and iconography stem from Yule, including the Yule log, Yule boar, and the Yule goat.[69] Often leading a ghostly procession through the sky (the Wild Hunt), the long-bearded god Odin is referred to as 'the Yule on
ประวัติในแรกรู้จักคริสเตียนเทศกาลมีความพยายามในการเฉลิมฉลองวันหยุดชาวยิว โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งปัส ตามปฏิทินในประเทศ นักวิชาการสมัยใหม่หมายถึงวันหยุดดังกล่าวเป็น "Quatrodecmials" เนื่องจากเทศกาลปัสกาเป็นวันที่เป็นสุริยุปราคาเมื่อวันที่ 14 บนปฏิทิน Jewish เหตุการณ์สำคัญทั้งหมดของชีวิตของพระเยซูได้เฉลิมฉลองในเทศกาลเดียว คิด เกิด และความรัก ในภาษากรีกพื้นที่ของจักรวรรดิโรมัน ปฏิทินภาษามาซิโดเนียถูกใช้ ในพื้นที่เหล่านี้ Quartodecimal ได้รับการเฉลิมฉลองในวันที่ 6 เมษายน ในพื้นที่พูดภาษาละติน Quartodecimal เป็น 25 มีนาคม ความสำคัญของการ Quartodecimal ปฏิเสธหลังจาก 165 เมื่อสันตะปาปา Soter ย้ายเฉลิมฉลองการฟื้นคืนชีพไปวันอาทิตย์ จึงสร้างอีสเตอร์ นี้ใส่เฉลิมฉลองความรักในดีวันศุกร์ และจึง ย้ายออกไปจาก Quartodecimal [50]ปฏิทินศัพท์คริสเตียนประกอบด้วยเศษมากเทศกาลก่อนคริสเตียน แม้ว่าเดเป็น 25 ธันวาคมถือกำเนิดอิทธิพลศาสนา พัฒนาหลังคริสต์มาสเป็นเทศกาลมีองค์ประกอบฉลอง Saturnalia ของโรมันและวันเกิดของ Mithra ตามลัทธิโรมัน Mithraism ของ [51]The Chronography of 354 AD contains early evidence of the celebration on December 25 of a Christian liturgical feast of the birth of Jesus. This was in Rome, while in Eastern Christianity the birth of Jesus was already celebrated in connection with the Epiphany on January 6.[52][53] The December 25 celebration was imported into the East later: in Antioch by John Chrysostom towards the end of the 4th century,[53] probably in 388, and in Alexandria only in the following century.[54] Even in the West, the January 6 celebration of the nativity of Jesus seems to have continued until after 380.[55] In 245, Origen of Alexandria, writing about Leviticus 12:1–8, commented that Scripture mentions only sinners as celebrating their birthdays, namely Pharaoh, who then had his chief baker hanged (Genesis 40:20–22), and Herod, who then had John the Baptist beheaded (Mark 6:21–27), and mentions saints as cursing the day of their birth, namely Jeremiah (Jeremiah 20:14–15) and Job (Job 3:1–16).[56] In 303, Arnobius ridiculed the idea of celebrating the birthdays of gods, a passage cited as evidence that Arnobius was unaware of any nativity celebration.[57] Since Christmas does not celebrate Christ's birth "as God" but "as man", this is not evidence against Christmas being a feast at this time.[8] The fact the Donatists of North Africa celebrated Christmas may indicate that the feast was established by the time that church was created in 311.[58][59]Many popular customs associated with Christmas developed independently of the commemoration of Jesus' birth, with certain elements having origins in pre-Christian festivals that were celebrated around the winter solstice by pagan populations who were later converted to Christianity. These elements, including the Yule log from Yule and gift giving from Saturnalia,[60] became syncretized into Christmas over the centuries. The prevailing atmosphere of Christmas has also continually evolved since the holiday's inception, ranging from a sometimes raucous, drunken, carnival-like state in the Middle Ages,[61] to a tamer family-oriented and children-centered theme introduced in a 19th-century transformation.[62][63] Additionally, the celebration of Christmas was banned on more than one occasion within certain Protestant groups, such as the Puritans, due to concerns that it was too pagan or unbiblical.[64][65] Jehovah's Witnesses also reject the celebration of Christmas.Relation to concurrent celebrationsPrior to and through the early Christian centuries, winter festivals—especially those centered on the winter solstice—were the most popular of the year in many European pagan cultures. Reasons included the fact that less agricultural work needed to be done during the winter, as well as an expectation of better weather as spring approached.[67] Many modern Christmas customs have been directly influenced by such festivals, including gift-giving and merrymaking from the Roman Saturnalia, greenery, lights, and charity from the Roman New Year, and Yule logs and various foods from Germanic feasts.[68] The Egyptian deity Horus, son to goddess Isis, was celebrated at the winter solstice. Horus was often depicted being fed by his mother, which also influenced the symbolism of the Virgin Mary with baby Christ.The pre-Christian Germanic peoples—including the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse—celebrated a winter festival called Yule, held in the late December to early January period, yielding modern English 'yule, today used as a synonym for Christmas.[69] In Germanic language-speaking areas, numerous elements of modern Christmas folk custom and iconography stem from Yule, including the Yule log, Yule boar, and the Yule goat.[69] Often leading a ghostly procession through the sky (the Wild Hunt), the long-bearded god Odin is referred to as 'the Yule on
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