Finally, we examined the influence of the control variables. The results showed that the effect of ownership structure was negative and significant (path coefficient was _.13 at p _ .05), suggesting that state-owned firms tended to engage in fewer CE activities. They also demonstrated that past performance was positively and significantly related to CE (path coefficient was .33 at p _ .01). This result suggested that past successful innovation tended to spur current and future entrepreneurial activities. The remaining control variables did not have a coefficient that significantly differed from zero