The 1950s mark an important point of departure in the evolution of physical education, as degree programs for teachers of physical education began to proliferate and physical education quickly became an area of increased research activity and redefinition leading to the emergence of specialized areas of study and university degree specializations in areas such as biomechanics and exercise physiology. As research funding and specialization spread in these areas, programs of physical education devoted to the preparation of teachers receded in appeal. As they did, what Kirk labels physical education as sports technique became a dominant understanding and practice in many quarters (Kirk 2010). Notable exceptions throughout history notwithstanding, it was not until the passing of Title IX in the USA in 1972 that we see large-scale support for physical education and competitive sport for females, although Nilges has cast doubt on the genuinely emancipatory nature of Title IX (Nilges 2006, 79). There also now exists a keen awareness of the role of physical education for those with physical and other challenges.
Penney (2006) and Penney and Evans (1999) have made clear the extent to which tensions exist in political and policy-making circles regarding the merits and the form of physical education as a school subject. Yet it may also be reasonably claimed that physical education as practiced throughout the ages does have educational, cultural, and social merit. It has enabled the young to engage in activities that may be healthy, engender character and even virtue, nurture social sensitivities and skills, and provide ways for meeting the recreational demands of living throughout a lifetime. Indeed, it is largely in the belief that it contributes to such ends that physical education is supported and funded by governments everywhere and which enables it to pass muster with a sometimes questioning public. But as is evident in the scholarly literature this is not always the view of influential leaders in the field. Doubts exist too regarding the health benefits often claimed for physical education notwithstanding the huge investments sometimes entailed.
The 1950s mark an important point of departure in the evolution of physical education, as degree programs for teachers of physical education began to proliferate and physical education quickly became an area of increased research activity and redefinition leading to the emergence of specialized areas of study and university degree specializations in areas such as biomechanics and exercise physiology. As research funding and specialization spread in these areas, programs of physical education devoted to the preparation of teachers receded in appeal. As they did, what Kirk labels physical education as sports technique became a dominant understanding and practice in many quarters (Kirk 2010). Notable exceptions throughout history notwithstanding, it was not until the passing of Title IX in the USA in 1972 that we see large-scale support for physical education and competitive sport for females, although Nilges has cast doubt on the genuinely emancipatory nature of Title IX (Nilges 2006, 79). There also now exists a keen awareness of the role of physical education for those with physical and other challenges.
Penney (2006) and Penney and Evans (1999) have made clear the extent to which tensions exist in political and policy-making circles regarding the merits and the form of physical education as a school subject. Yet it may also be reasonably claimed that physical education as practiced throughout the ages does have educational, cultural, and social merit. It has enabled the young to engage in activities that may be healthy, engender character and even virtue, nurture social sensitivities and skills, and provide ways for meeting the recreational demands of living throughout a lifetime. Indeed, it is largely in the belief that it contributes to such ends that physical education is supported and funded by governments everywhere and which enables it to pass muster with a sometimes questioning public. But as is evident in the scholarly literature this is not always the view of influential leaders in the field. Doubts exist too regarding the health benefits often claimed for physical education notwithstanding the huge investments sometimes entailed.
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