Material and Methods
Sample preparation protocol
Sample analysis
Proximate composition
Protein was determined by the Kjeldhal digestion and distillation methods of AOAC (1995), fat by Soxhlet distillation method of AOAC (1995), moisture content, crude fibre and ash by AOAC (1995) while carbohydrate was by difference. The pH determination of the flour was done using Kent pH meter (Model 7020, Kent Ind. Measurement Ltd, Surreyl) with a glass electrode as described by Oyewole and Odunfa (1988).
Functional properties
Lateral expansion determination
Sectional expansion, the ratio of diameter of extrudate and the diameter of die, was used to express the expansion of extrudate (Fan et al., 1996). Six replicates of extrudate were selected at random and the average taken.