To check the degree and direction of any possible sample bias,we compare the ratios of operating income to total assets and total borrowings to total assets in the CRD to data provided by the Ministry of Finance Japan (MOF).
The average operating income ratiois 0.026 in the CRD and 0.027 in the MOF.
As the difference in the operating income ratio is not large, this suggests that the firms inthe CRD sample do not systematically perform better (in terms of profitability) than those firms in the MOF sample.
However, the average total borrowings to total assets ratio is larger in the CRD than in the MOF, at 0.526 (CRD) and 0.309 (MOF), respectively.
As discussed, banks provide data to the CRD, so firms that do not borrow from banks are missing from the CRD sample.
One consequence of the larger share of smaller firms in the CRD sample is the higher total borrowings to total assets ratio because these firms tend to depend more on indirect finance.
To check the degree and direction of any possible sample bias,we compare the ratios of operating income to total assets and total borrowings to total assets in the CRD to data provided by the Ministry of Finance Japan (MOF). The average operating income ratiois 0.026 in the CRD and 0.027 in the MOF. As the difference in the operating income ratio is not large, this suggests that the firms inthe CRD sample do not systematically perform better (in terms of profitability) than those firms in the MOF sample. However, the average total borrowings to total assets ratio is larger in the CRD than in the MOF, at 0.526 (CRD) and 0.309 (MOF), respectively. As discussed, banks provide data to the CRD, so firms that do not borrow from banks are missing from the CRD sample. One consequence of the larger share of smaller firms in the CRD sample is the higher total borrowings to total assets ratio because these firms tend to depend more on indirect finance.
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