10.by the end of the period, the study of individual behavior within organizations underwent a rebirth. Few authors did more to popularize what was often referred to as the new "industrial human ism" than Douglas M. McGregor (1906-1964). His abstraction the contending traditional and humanistic managerial philosophies of X and Theory Y sets of assumptions. Like evolved into his now famous Theory of maintaining universal Herbert Simon before him, McGregor pointed out the absurdity principles of organizational arrangements. While such laws, principles, or proverbs may be appropriate in a highly disciplined hierarchical organization, such as an army, they may become ineffective and even dysfunctional when applied to modern organizations- especially governmental S organizations, where a lack of hierarchical discipline is frequently considered to be a valuable check against autocratic tendencies. McGregor's 1957 article, "The Human Side of Enterprise reprinted here, presented the main themes of his more famous 1960 book with the same title