Similarly, a study of 3675 Swedish women found a lower rate of nausea and vomiting among pregnant women working outside the home (Kallen et al.,2003). However, it is difficult to discern the meaning of both these correlations without knowing how many women were not working because of the nausea and vomiting or because of decisions related to furthering education (e,g., full-time enrollment) or raising a family. Our findings also support the hypothesis that NVP are less common or less severe in women who smokr (Kallen et al., 2003). Although this observation is attributed to the smaller placental volumes in these women, both senses of odor and taste have been associated with increases in NPV and the effects of maternal smoking may blunt these senses.