Many definitions are found in the literature for argument and argumentation. Toulmin
(1958) defined an argument as an assertion accompanied by its justification. It involves
‘‘reasoning about the advantages and disadvantages, pros and cons, causes and consequences,
of alternative perspectives’’ (Mason & Scirica, 2006, p. 492). Zohar and Nemet (2002)
defined an argument as consisting of assertions or claims and their justifications or reasons.
In this article, argumentation is concerned with how individuals make and justify claims and
conclusions (Driver, Newton, & Osborne, 2000).