Apple peels are rich in antioxidant bioactives and hence can possess the ability to inhibit human low density
lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) oxidation. LDL-C oxidation is known to initiate atherosclerotic plaque
formation. Unique quercetin-rich (QAE) and triterpene-rich (TAE) apple peel extracts, their constituent
compounds and three in vivo quercetin metabolites were investigated for in vitro LDL-C oxidation inhibition.
Both extracts effectively inhibited Cu2+-induced LDL-C oxidation. IC50 of QAE and TAE for LDL-C
oxidation products were 0.06–8.29 mg/L and 29.58–95.49 mg/L, respectively. Quercetin compounds,
chlorogenic acid and phloridzin could contribute more to the effectiveness of QAE at physiological concentrations.
The three in vivo quercetin metabolites; quercetin-30-sulfate, quercetin-3-glucuronic acid
and isorhamnetin-3-glucuronic acid were effective at physiological concentrations and therefore, QAE
can be effective in LDL-C oxidation inhibition under physiological conditions. Constituent TAE compounds
did not perform well under Cu2+-induction. Overall, both extracts effectively inhibited LDL-C oxidation
in vitro.
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Apple peels are rich in antioxidant bioactives and hence can possess the ability to inhibit human low density
lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) oxidation. LDL-C oxidation is known to initiate atherosclerotic plaque
formation. Unique quercetin-rich (QAE) and triterpene-rich (TAE) apple peel extracts, their constituent
compounds and three in vivo quercetin metabolites were investigated for in vitro LDL-C oxidation inhibition.
Both extracts effectively inhibited Cu2+-induced LDL-C oxidation. IC50 of QAE and TAE for LDL-C
oxidation products were 0.06–8.29 mg/L and 29.58–95.49 mg/L, respectively. Quercetin compounds,
chlorogenic acid and phloridzin could contribute more to the effectiveness of QAE at physiological concentrations.
The three in vivo quercetin metabolites; quercetin-30-sulfate, quercetin-3-glucuronic acid
and isorhamnetin-3-glucuronic acid were effective at physiological concentrations and therefore, QAE
can be effective in LDL-C oxidation inhibition under physiological conditions. Constituent TAE compounds
did not perform well under Cu2+-induction. Overall, both extracts effectively inhibited LDL-C oxidation
in vitro.
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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