Table 3 Dietary energy, macronutrient and fibre intakes before and during Ramadan and percentage changes from baseline according to gender (n = 35)
Before Ramadan During Ramadan % Change from baseline
P-value† Mean (SE) Minimum Maximum Mean (SE) Minimum Maximum Mean (SE) Minimum Maximum
Energy intake (kcal day
1)
Males (n = 18) 2345* (327) 966 4932 1865 (175) 623 3484 20.5 (7.4) 73.4 48.5 0.089
Females (n = 17) 2264* (240) 1133 4144 2210 (227) 773 4715 2.4 (10.0) 65.8 108.2 0.827
Carbohydrate (g day
1)
Males 306.4* (43.8) 121.4 656.9 243.0 (24.7) 77.0 456.7 20.7 (8.0) 74.8 49.0 0.111
Females 298.3* (33.6) 129.5 552.8 271.9 (25.2) 105.4 515.3 8.8 (8.4) 64.6 72.7 0.349
% Carbohydrate
Males 52.0 (1.2) 43.5 60.2 51.9 (1.8) 39.0 63.8 0.1 (3.4) 24.9 22.8 0.977
Females 52.4 (1.4) 40.5 63.9 50.6 (2.3) 24.1 63.9 3.3 (4.3) 53.9 22.0 0.475
Protein (g day
1)
Males 88.3* (13.1) 40.2 241.3 62.7 (5.8) 24.7 110.5 29.0 (6.6) 71.9 25.1 0.032
Females 74.2* (7.7) 37.4 149.6 73.9 (9.6) 24.7 197.6 0.4 (12.9) 66.7 166.4 0.906‡
% Protein
Males 15.5 (0.9) 11.1 22.4 13.9 (0.8) 8.3 21.1 10.9 (4.8) 46.6 35.5 0.042
Females 13.3 (0.5) 9.5 18.0 13.2 (0.6) 9.8 18.3 0.5 (4.6) 25.9 37.4 0.924
Fat (g day
1)
Males 86.1 (13.1) 27.1 238.0 72.2 (7.4) 15.1 135.8 16.1 (8.6) 82.4 57.7 0.222
Females 88.5 (9.8) 43.0 187.9 93.9 (15.5) 29.9 316.5 6.1 (17.4) 66.2 257.5 0.795‡
% Fat
Males 32.9 (1.3) 23.1 43.4 34.7 (1.6) 21.8 44.6 5.3 (4.8) 33.7 35.5 0.384
Females 35.6 (1.6) 24.7 54.7 36.9 (2.1) 27.9 60.4 3.6 (5.8) 21.8 69.6 0.943‡
Fibre (g day
1)
Males 18.0 (2.7) 6.0 45.8 14.7 (1.3) 5.7 27.8 18.4 (7.4) 68.1 54.3 0.189
Females 20.2 (2.4) 9.8 41.7 18.1 (1.5) 7.7 33.4 10.6 (7.4) 61.8 64.7 0.260
*Significant difference (P < 0.05).
†Comparing before and during Ramadan data. Comparisons of before and during Ramadan variables done by paired samples t-test for normally distributed data and by Wilcoxon test for nonnormally
distributed data.
‡