A third similarity is one that Asian and European Englishes share with all non-native Englishes whether institutionalised or not. That is, they are "linguistic orphans in search of their parents' (Kachru 1992: 66). Kachru is referring here to the still widespread if slowly diminishing-belief among both native speakers and non-native speakers of English) that non-native speaker varieties are deficient and unacceptable by virtue of the local characteristics they have acquired in the process of being transplanted. Such attitudes in turn deter speakers of non-native speaker varieties from identifing with and promoting their own local model. This issue will be taken up again in the readings in D7